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Authors
Fasham, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7614-9202
McPhater, A.
Whittington, R.
Pagnamenta, A. T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7334-0602
Hall, T. S. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8548-447X
Berry, I. R.
Weedon, M. N.
Baple, E. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-3411
Wright, C. F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2958-5076
Jackson, L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0260-5295
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/X021351/1)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/X021351/1)
NIHR Exeter Biomedical Research Centre - Mid-Career fellowship
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Article History
Received: 31 January 2026
Revised: 27 March 2026
Accepted: 7 April 2026
First Online: 18 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: UK Biobank protocols were approved by the National Research Ethics Service Committee. Approval for the release of this research, with an exception to report participant/incident counts relating to fewer than 5 individuals, was granted by the Epidemiology team. The institutional review board for the All of Us Research Program provides centralised ethical approval and oversight for the research programme. Approval for the release of this research was granted by the All of Us Research Program Publication Board. An exception was granted to this project by the Resource Access Board allowing us to report participant/incident counts relating to fewer than 20 individuals. Consistent with the governance frameworks of UK Biobank and the All of Us Research Program, participants were not recontacted and further informed consent specifically related to this study was not required.
