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Authors
Pagnamenta, Alistair T. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7334-0602
Fasham, James https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7614-9202
Beaumont, Robin N. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0750-8248
Baker, Duncan
Keigwin, Sylvia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8366-9655
Hall, Tim https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8548-447X
Baple, Emma L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-3411
Balasubramanian, Meena https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1488-3695
Jackson, Leigh https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0260-5295
Wright, Caroline F. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2958-5076
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Article History
Received: 30 January 2026
Revised: 7 April 2026
Accepted: 15 April 2026
First Online: 12 May 2026
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI; GPT-5.2, knowledge cutoff August 2025) to assist with grammar correction and improve readability. All content generated or refined with this tool was reviewed, edited, and approved by the authors, who take full responsibility for the final manuscript.
: UK Biobank protocols were approved by the National Research Ethics Service Committee and all participants were recruited following informed consent. Data access was obtained under the approved UKB project ‘Understanding the role of rare and common genetic variation in human phenotypes’, application number 103356.
