Updates are available Correction dated 2024-07-16
Click to view Correction: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-03161-7
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Authors
,
Pesudovs, Konrad
Lansingh, Van Charles
Kempen, John H.
Tapply, Ian
Fernandes, Arthur G.
Cicinelli, Maria Vittoria
Arrigo, Alessandro
Leveziel, Nicolas
Resnikoff, Serge
Taylor, Hugh R.
Sedighi, Tabassom
Flaxman, Seth
Bikbov, Mukkharram M.
Braithwaite, Tasanee
Bron, Alain
Cheng, Ching-Yu
Del Monte, Monte A.
Ehrlich, Joshua R.
Ellwein, Leon B.
Friedman, David
Furtado, João M.
Gazzard, Gus
George, Ronnie
Hartnett, M. Elizabeth
Jonas, Jost B.
Kahloun, Rim
Khairallah, Moncef
Khanna, Rohit C.
Leasher, Janet
Little, Julie-Anne
Nangia, Vinay
Nowak, Michal
Peto, Tunde
Ramulu, Pradeep
Topouzis, Fotis
Tsilimbaris, Mitiadis
Wang, Ya Xing
Wang, Ningli
Bourne, Rupert
,
Pesudovs, Konrad https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6322-9369
Lansingh, Van Charles
Kempen, John H.
Tapply, Ian
Fernandes, Arthur G.
Cicinelli, Maria Vittoria
Arrigo, Alessandro
Leveziel, Nicolas
Briant, Paul Svitil
Vos, Theo
Resnikoff, Serge
Flaxman, Seth
Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis
Abdollahi, Mohammad
Abdollahi, Mozhan
Abebe, Ayele Mamo
Abiodun, Olumide
Aboagye, Richard Gyan
Abrha, Woldu Aberhe
Abualruz, Hasan
Ali, Hiwa Abubaker
Abu-Gharbieh, Eman
Aburuz, Salahdein
Adal, Tadele Girum Girum
Adane, Mesafint Molla
Addo, Isaac Yeboah
Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
Afzal, Muhammad Sohail
Aghamiri, Shahin
Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku
Ahmad, Aqeel
Ahmad, Sajjad
Ahmadi, Ali
Ahmed, Ayman
Ahmed, Haroon
Alfaar, Ahmad Samir
Ali, Abid
Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait
Altaf, Awais
Amu, Hubert
Androudi, Sofia
Anguita, Rodrigo
Anil, Abhishek
Anvari, Saeid
Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward
Appiah, Francis
Arabloo, Jalal
Arafat, Mosab
Areda, Damelash
Arefnezhad, Reza
Aregawi, Brhane Berhe
Asgedom, Akeza Awealom
Ashraf, Tahira
Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin
Atinafu, Bantalem Tilaye Tilaye
Atout, Maha Moh’d Wahbi
Atreya, Alok
Ayatollahi, Haleh
Azzam, Ahmed Y.
Babamohamadi, Hassan
Bagherieh, Sara
Bahurupi, Yogesh
Baig, Atif Amin
Banik, Biswajit
Bardhan, Mainak
Basu, Saurav
Batra, Kavita
Bayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew
Bazvand, Fatemeh
Beyene, Addisu Shunu
Bhagat, Devidas S.
Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth
Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Bhaskar, Sonu
Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh
Bikbov, Mukharram
Bineshfar, Niloufar
Birck, Marina G.
Bitra, Veera R.
Braithwaite, Tasanee
Burkart, Katrin
Bustanji, Yasser
Butt, Zahid A.
dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano
Cámera, Luis Alberto
Carneiro, Vera L. A.
Cenderadewi, Muthia
Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K.
Chattu, Vijay Kumar
Chitranshi, Nitin
Chopra, Hitesh
Chu, Dinh-Toi
Coberly, Kaleb
Coelho, João M.
Cruz-Martins, Natália
Dadras, Omid
Dai, Xiaochen
Das, Subasish
Dascalu, Ana Maria
Dashti, Mohsen
Dastmardi, Maedeh
Demessa, Berecha Hundessa
Demisse, Biniyam
Dereje, Diriba
Derese, Awoke Masrie Asrat
Dervenis, Nikolaos
Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan
Do, Thanh Chi
Do, Thao Huynh Phuong
dos Santos Figueiredo, Francisco Winter
Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian
Edinur, Hisham Atan
Efendi, Ferry
Ehrlich, Joshua R.
Ekholuenetale, Michael
Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus
Sayed, Iman El
Elhadi, Muhammed
Emamian, Mohammad Hassan
Emamverdi, Mehdi
Etemadimanesh, Azin
Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis
Fahim, Ayesha
Farrokhpour, Hossein
Fatehizadeh, Ali
Feizkhah, Alireza
Desideri, Lorenzo Ferro
Fetensa, Getahun
Fischer, Florian
Forouhari, Ali
Foschi, Matteo
Fowobaje, Kayode Raphael
Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji
Gandhi, Aravind P.
Gebregergis, Miglas W. W.
Gebrehiwot, Mesfin
Gebremariam, Brhane
Gerema, Urge
Ghassemi, Fariba
Ghozy, Sherief
Golechha, Mahaveer
Goleij, Pouya
Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia
Guan, Shi-Yang
Gudisa, Zewdie
Gupta, Sapna
Gupta, Veer Bala
Gupta, Vivek Kumar
Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin
Halimi, Aram
Hallaj, Shahin
Hamidi, Samer
Harorani, Mehdi
Hasani, Hamidreza
Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba
Hoan, Nguyen Quoc
Holla, Ramesh
Hong, Sung Hwi
Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi
Hu, Chengxi
Huang, John J.
Huynh, Hong-Han
Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel
Ilic, Irena M.
Immurana, Mustapha
Islam, Md. Rabiul
Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
Iwu, Chidozie C. D.
Jacob, Louis
Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman
Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar
Jayaram, Shubha
Jindal, Har Ashish
Jokar, Mohammad
Joseph, Nitin
Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma
Kadashetti, Vidya
Kalankesh, Laleh R.
Kalhor, Rohollah
Kamath, Sagarika
Kandel, Himal
Kantar, Rami S.
Karaye, Ibraheem M.
Kasraei, Hengameh
Kaup, Soujanya
Kaur, Navjot
Kaur, Rimple Jeet
Kayode, Gbenga A.
Khader, Yousef Saleh
Khajuria, Himanshu
Khalilov, Rovshan
Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli
Kisa, Adnan
Kosen, Soewarta
Koyanagi, Ai
Krishan, Kewal
Kulimbet, Mukhtar
Kumar, Nithin
Kurmi, Om P.
Lahariya, Chandrakant
Lan, Tuo
Landires, Iván
Leasher, Janet L.
Lee, Munjae
Lee, Seung Won
Lee, Wei-Chen
Lim, Stephen S.
Little, Julie-Anne
Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra
Maharaj, Sandeep B.
Mahmoudi, Alireza
Mahmoudi, Razzagh
Malhotra, Kashish
Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain
Mansouri, Vahid
Manu, Emmanuel
Marzo, Roy Rillera
Maugeri, Andrea
McAlinden, Colm
Mebratu, Wondwosen
Meto, Tesfahun Mekene
Meng, Yang
Mersha, Abera M.
Mestrovic, Tomislav
Minh, Le Huu Nhat
Misganaw, Awoke
Mishra, Manish
Misra, Sanjeev
Mohamed, Nouh Saad
Mohammadi, Soheil
Mohammed, Mustapha
Mojiri-forushani, Hoda
Mokdad, Ali H.
Vardanjani, Hossein Molavi
Moni, Mohammad Ali
Montazeri, Fateme
Moradi, Maryam
Motappa, Rohith
Mousavi, Parsa
Mulita, Admir
Murray, Christopher J. L.
Naik, Ganesh R.
Naik, Gurudatta
Nargus, Shumaila
Natto, Zuhair S.
Nayak, Biswa Prakash
Negaresh, Mohammad
Negash, Hadush
Nguyen, Dang H.
Nguyen, Phat Tuan
Nguyen, Van Thanh
Niazi, Robina Khan
Okonji, Osaretin Christabel
Olagunju, Andrew T.
Olatubi, Matthew Idowu
Ordak, Michal
Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi
Otstavnov, Nikita
Owolabi, Mayowa O.
Padubidri, Jagadish Rao
Pandey, Ashok
Panos, Georgios D.
Pardhan, Shahina
Park, Seoyeon
Patel, Jay
Pawar, Shrikant
Peprah, Prince
Petcu, Ionela-Roxana
Peyman, Alireza
Pham, Hoang Tran
Pourazizi, Mohsen
Quan, Nguyen Khoi
Rahim, Fakher
Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa
Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur
Rajaa, Sathish
Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran
Ramasubramani, Premkumar
Ranjan, Shubham
Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi
Rath, Rama Shankar
Rauf, Annisa Utami
Rawaf, Salman
Damavandi, Amirmasoud Rayati
Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed
Roy, Priyanka
Pramanik, Koushik Roy
Saadatian, Zahra
Sabour, Siamak
Saddik, Basema
Saeed, Umar
Safi, Sare
Safi, Sher Zaman
Saghazadeh, Amene
Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb
Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Sahraian, Mohammad Ali
Sakshaug, Joseph W.
Saleh, Mohamed A.
Samadzadeh, Sara
Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo
Samuel, Vijaya Paul
Samy, Abdallah M.
Saravanan, Aswini
Selvaraj, Siddharthan
Semnani, Farbod
Senapati, Sabyasachi
Sethi, Yashendra
Seyedi, Seyed Arsalan
Seylani, Allen
Shaheen, Amira A.
Shahid, Samiah
Shahwan, Moyad Jamal
Shaikh, Masood Ali
Sham, Sunder
Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib
Shannawaz, Mohammed
Shashamo, Bereket Beyene
Shayan, Maryam
Shittu, Aminu
Shiue, Ivy
Shivakumar, K. M.
Shorofi, Seyed Afshin
Sibhat, Migbar Mekonnen
Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar
Silva, Juan Carlos
Singh, Jasvinder A.
Singh, Paramdeep
Skiadaresi, Eirini
Solomon, Yonatan
Sousa, Raúl A. R. C.
Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.
Starodubov, Vladimir I.
Subramaniam, Mohana Devi
Susanty, Sri
Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad
Taye, Birhan Tsegaw
Teklay, Gebrehiwot
Temsah, Mohamad-Hani
Terefa, Dufera Rikitu
Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera
Toma, Temesgen Mohammed
Tsatsakis, Aristidis
Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom
Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya
Tusa, Biruk Shalmeno
Ty, Sree Sudha
Ubah, Chukwudi S.
Umair, Muhammad
Umar, Tungki Pratama
Valizadeh, Rohollah
Van den Eynde, Jef
Watson, Stephanie Louise Watson
Wonde, Tewodros Eshete
Wondimagegn, Guadie Sharew
Xiao, Hong
Yao, Yao
Nia, Iman Yazdani
Yiğit, Arzu
Yismaw, Yazachew
Yon, Dong Keon
Yonemoto, Naohiro
You, Yuyi
Yu, Chuanhua
Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich
Zhao, Hanqing
Ziafati, Makan
Zielińska, Magdalena
Zikarg, Yossef Teshome
Zoladl, Mohammad
Steinmetz, Jaimie D.
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Article History
First Online: 9 March 2024
Change Date: 16 July 2024
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-03161-7
Competing interests
: <b>Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study</b> A Bron reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Théa. M A Del Monte reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from the University of Michigan, and leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as past president of Costenbader Society. D Friedman reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group paid or unpaid with Orbis International as member of board of governors (no payment). J M Furtado reports consulting fees from Pan American Health Organization and from Lions Club International Foundation. M E Hartnett reports support for the present manuscript (e.g., funding, provision of study materials, medical writing, article processing charges, etc.) from Michael F. Marmor, M.D. Professor of Retinal Science and Disease as endowment to support salary, grants or contracts from any entity (from National Eye Institute R01 EY017011 and National Eye Institute R01 EY015130) as partial salary support, patents planned, issued or pending (WO2015123561A2 and WO2021062169A1), and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with Jack McGovern Coats’ Disease Foundation and as director of Women’s Eye Health and Macular Society Grant Review Chair. J H Kempen reports support for the present manuscript (e.g., funding, provision of study materials, medical writing, article processing charges, etc.) from Sight for Souls and from Mass Eye and Ear Global Surgery Program (both as general support of salary), and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with Sight for Souls (as president). J E Kim reports consulting fees from Genentech/Roche, DORC, Notal Vision and Outlook Therapeutics (all as payment to J E Kim); participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Allergan, Amgen, Apellis, Bausch & Lomb, Clearside, Coherus, Novartis and Regeneron (all as participation on advisory board); leadership or fiduciary role in other borad, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with AAO, APRIS, ASRS, Macular Society and NAEVR/AEVR (all unpaid); and receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Clearside and Genentech/Roche (both for medical writing). V C Lansingh reports consulting fees from HelpMeSee (as an employee), and support for attending meetings and/or travel from HelpMeSee (pay airfare and hotel). J Leasher reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with National Eye Institute (as a member) and National Eye Health Education Program planning committee (unpaid). M Nowak reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Vision Express Co. Poland as the chairman of medical advisory board of Vision Express Co. Poland. P Ramulu reports grants or contracts from National Institute of Health and Perfuse Therapeutics, and consulting fees from Alcon and W. L. Gore. F Topouzis reports grants or contracts from Théa, Omikron, Pfizer, Alcon, Abbvie and Bayer (all paid to Institution), consulting fees from Omikron, Théa and Bausch & Lomb (all paid to Topouzis), payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Omikron (paid to Topouzis), Abbvie and Roche (both paid to Institute), and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with European Glaucoma Society (as president), Greek Glaucoma Society (as president) and Board of Governors, World Glaucoma Association (all unpaid). <b>GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators</b> N S Bayileyegn reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Jimma University, and leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Jimma University as a discipline committee member; outside the submitted work. S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), JSPS International Fellowship, Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), the Australian Academy of Science, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Rotary District 9675 as the District Chair of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion; the Global Health & Migration Hub Community and the Global Health Hub Germany (Berlin, Germany) as the Chair and Manager; PLOS One, BMC Neurology, Frontiers In Neurology, Frontiers in Stroke, Frontiers in Public Health and BMC Medical Research Methodology as an Editorial Board Member; and with the College of Reviewers, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and the Government of Canada as a Member; outside the submitted work. X Dai reports support for the present manuscript from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation and the University of Washington. M Cenderadewi reports grants or contracts from James Cook University (International Research Training Program Scholarship for doctoral study), and support for attending meetings and travel from James Cook University; all outside the submitted work. M Foschi reports consulting fees from Roche; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Sanofi, Merck, and Novartis; support for attending meetings and travel from Novartis and Roche; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with MSBase as a scientific leadership board member, and Cochrane Review Group for Multiple Sclerosis and other rate diseases of the CNS as a member; all outside the submitted work. F Ghassemi reports support for the present manuscript from medical writing. B N G Goulart reports stock or stock options with Bristo Myers-Squibb and Pfizer; outside the submitted work. V B Gupta reports grants or contracts from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC); outside the submitted work. S Hallaj reports support for the present manuscript from the National Institute of Health, Bridge to AI common fund (grant number: OT2 OD032644). I M Ilic reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological development, Republic of Serbia (project No 175042, 2011-2023). S Islam reports support for the present manuscript from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Grant and the Heart Foundation Vanguard Grant. J H Kempen reports support for the present manuscript from Sight for Souls and Mass Eye and Ear Global Surgery Program; and leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Sight for Souls as the President. K Krishan reports other non-financial support from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University (Chandigarh, India); outside the submitted work. O P Kurmi reports grants or contracts from the British Council India paid to Coventry University; outside the submitted work. V C Lansingh reports consulting fees from HelpMeSee, and financial support for attending meetings and travel from HelpMeSee; outside the submitted work. J L Leasher leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid with the National Eye Institute as a member and the National Eye Health Education Program as a planning committee member; outside the submitted work. M Lee reports support for the present manuscript from the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea, and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021R1I1A4A01057428) and Bio-convergence Technology Education Program through the Korea Institute for Advancement Technology (KIAT) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (No. P0017805). C McAlinden reports grants or contracts from the Welsh Government on the following study: Feasibility of an alternative pathway for hospital referrals from Diabetic Eye Screening Wales (DESW) for people suspected with sight-threatening diabetic eye disease (diabetic maculopathy). No funds will be received from the author’s institution or personally related to this study. Any work conducted as part of this study is as an unpaid collaborator; consulting fees from Acufocus (Irvine, California, USA), Atia Vision (Campbell, California, USA), Bausch and Lomb (Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA), BVI / PhysIOL (Liège, Belgium), Coopervision (Pleasanton, California, USA), Cutting Edge (Labége, France), Fudan University (Fudan, China), Hoya (Frankfurt, Germany), Knowledge Gate Group (Copenhagen, Denmark), Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision (Santa Ana, California, USA), Keio University (Tokyo, Japan), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (München, Germany), Medevise Consulting SAS (Strasbourg, France), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), Ophtec BV (Groningen, The Netherlands), Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China), SightGlass vision (Menlo Park, California, USA), Science in Vision (Bend, Oregan, USA), SpyGlass (Aliso Viejo, California, USA), Targomed GmbH (Bruchsal, Germany), University of São Paulo (São Paulo, Brazil), and Vold Vision (Arkansas, USA); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Scope (Crawley, UK), Bausch and Lomb (Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA), and Thea pharmaceuticals (Clemont-Ferrand, France); support for attending meetings and/or travel from Royal College of Ophthalmologists (London, UK), Scope (Crawley, UK), Portuguese Society of Ophthalmology (Portugal), British Society of Refractive surgery (BSRS), Thea pharmaceuticals (Clemont-Ferrand, France), Bausch and Lomb (Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the British Society of Refractive Surgery (BSRS) as an unpaid council member, and the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (London, UK) as an unpaid PROM advisor; other financial interests from the Quality of Vision (QoV) Questionnaire tool, the Orthokeratology and Contact Lens Quality of Life Questionnaire (OCL-QoL), and paid peer reviews for Research Square; outside of the submitted work. S Nargus reports receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Medical writing services; outside the submitted work. Y L Samodra and J H V Ticoalu report other financial or non-financial interests as co-founders of Benang Merah Research Center; outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs Inc., Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, Practice Point communications, and the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the speaker’s bureau of Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings from OMERACT as a member of the steering committee; participation on an Advisory Committee with the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a past steering committee member of the OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arms length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, Co-Chair of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee, and the editor and Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis; stock or stock options in Atai Life Sciences, Kintara Therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen Pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart Pharmaceuticals, Atyu Biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics Inc., Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., and Charlotte’s Web Holdings, Inc, as well as previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking and Moderna Pharmaceuticals; outside the submitted work. E Skiadaresi reports consulting fees from Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), Roche ((Basel, Switzerland), Medevise Consulting SAS (Strasbourg, France); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), Roche ((Basel, Switzerland); support for attending meetings and travel from Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), Roche ((Basel, Switzerland); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, unpaid with the ATHENA Trial Steering Committee as the Chair; all outside the submitted work. J D Steinmetz reports support for the present manuscript from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (IHME funding for GBD analyses). M Zielińska reports other financial interests as an AstraZeneca employee; outside the submitted work. The authors declare no competing interests.
