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Article History

Received: 12 December 2024

Revised: 23 April 2025

Accepted: 30 April 2025

First Online: 9 July 2025

Competing interests

: SS reports receiving financial support from AbbVie, Amgen, Apellis, Bayer, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, EyeBiotech, EyePoint Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Kriya Therapeutics, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Ocular Therapeutix, OcuTerra, Optos, Roche, Sanofi and Stealth BioTherapeutics. SS was the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Eye at the time of manuscript submission. CMGC reports serving on the safety monitoring committee for diabetic macular ischaemia clinical trials sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim and receiving financial support from AbbVie, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Roche and Zeiss. CMGC is a member of the Eye editorial board. CCW reports receiving consulting fees/honoraria for ongoing services provided for 4DMT, AbbVie, Adverum, Alcon, Alimera, Alkeus, Allgenesis, AMC Sciences, Annexon, Apellis, Ascidian, Aviceda, Bayer, Biocryst, Bionic Vision, Boehringer Ingelheim, Curacle, Emmecell, EyeBiotech, EyePoint, Genentech, InGel, IVERIC Bio, Janssen, Kiora, Kodiak, Merck, Merit, Nanoscope, Neurotech, NGM, Novartis, Ocular Therapeutix, Ocuphire, OcuTerra, ONL, Opthea, Osanni, Oxular, Perceive Bio, Perfuse, Ray, Regeneron, RegenXBio, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, Santen, Stealth, Sylentis, Thea, Therini, Valo, Visgenx and Zeiss; grants for ongoing research support as a Principal Investigator for trials sponsored by 4DMT, Adverum, AffaMed, Alexion, Alimera, Allgenesis, Amgen, Annexin, Annexon, Apellis, Ascidian, Asclepix, Aviceda, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chengdu Origen, Clearside, Curacle, EyeBiotech, EyePoint, Genentech, Gyroscope, IONIS, iRENIX, IVERIC bio, Janssen, Kodiak, Kyoto DDD, Kyowa Kirin, Nanoscope, Neurotech, NGM, Novartis, Ocugen, Ocular Therapeutix, OcuTerra, OliX, Opthea, Outlook Therapeutics, Oxular, Oxurion, Perceive Bio, Pykus, Regeneron, RegenXBio, Rezolute, Roche, Shanghai Henlius, Stealth, Skyline and Valo; and stock investments in InGel, ONL, Osanni, Panther, PolyPhotonix, RecensMedical, TissueGen, Visgenx and Vitranu. SI reports receiving financial support from AbbVie, Alcon, Alpha Communications, AMO Japan, Bayer, Bloom Technology, Bonac, Chugai, HOYA, Kowa, Kyowa Kirin, Mylan, Nidec, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Otsuka, Santen, Seed, Senju and Wakamoto. QDN reports serving as the Coordinating Investigator for the diabetic macular ischaemia and diabetic retinopathy programmes sponsored by Boehringer Ingelheim. He also serves on scientific advisory boards for Alumis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Genentech, Kriya Therapeutics, Priovant, Regeneron, Rezolute and Tourmaline. MG and NZ are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim.