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Association between haemoglobin levels and the risk of diabetic retinopathy in adults with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study using the TriNetX network

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-025-03982-0

Published Online: 2025-09-06

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Hung, Kuo-Chuan

Chang, Li-Chen

Chang, Ying-Jen

Hsu, Chih-Wei

Yew, Ming

Wu, Jheng-Yan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3290-1909
Chen, I-Wen https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7122-6901
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-09-06

Version of Record valid from 2025-09-06
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Article History

Received: 17 May 2025

Revised: 31 July 2025

Accepted: 29 August 2025

First Online: 6 September 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The use of TriNetX in this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chi Mei Medical Center (No. 11403-E01).

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