Document is current

Article History

Received: 24 February 2025

Revised: 2 September 2025

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 11 October 2025

Competing interests

: A.K. consults for AbbVie; ADARx Pharmaceuticals; Adverum; Alcon; Alkeus; Allgenesis; Amgen; Annexin; Annexon; Apellis Pharmaceuticals; Ashvattha Therapeutics; Astellas; Aviceda Therapeutics; Beacon Therapeutics; Boehringer Ingelheim; Clearside Biomedical; Complement Therapeutics; 4DMT; Exegenesis; EyePoint Pharmaceuticals; Fronterra Therapeutics; Genentech; Gyroscope Therapeutics; Harrow; i-Lumen Scientific; InFocus; Iveric Bio, An Astellas Company; Janssen Pharmaceuticals; Kodiak Sciences; Kriya Therapeutics; Kyowa Kirin; Merit; Neurotech; Nanoscope; Novartis; Ocular Therapeutix; Oculis; Ocuphire; OcuTerra; Ollin; Olive BioPharma; Opthea; Opus Genetics; Oxular; Oxurion; Perfuse; Ray Therapeutics; Recens Medical; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; Regenxbio; Revive; RevOpsis; Roche; Samsung; Sanofi; Stealth BioTherapeutics; Surrozen; Thea Pharma; Therini; Unity Biotechnology; Vanotech; Vial; and ZipBio. He receives research support from Aviceda Therapeutics; Adverum; Alexion; Annexon; Apellis Pharmaceuticals; Astellas; Aviceda Therapeutics; Complement Therapeutics; 4DMT; EyePoint Pharmaceuticals; Exegenesis; Genentech; Gyroscope Therapeutics; Iveric Bio, An Astellas Company; Janssen; Kodiak; Kyowa Kirin; Neurotech; Ocular Therapeutix; Oxular; Regenxbio; Roche; Sanofi; and Vanotech. He has held stock options in Ashvattha Therapeutics; Aviceda Therapeutics; Oculis; Opthea; PolyPhotonix; Recens Medical; Perfuse; RevOpsis; Vial; and ZipBio. He is on the board of directors for Oculis. S.B. consults for AbbVie; Adverum; Allergan; Amgen; Annexon; Apellis; Aviceda; Cholgene; EyePoint; Genentech; i-Lumen; Iveric Bio, An Astellas Company; Kala; Neurotech; Novartis; Ocular Therapeutix; Opthea; Outlook; Pixium; Regeneron; Regenxbio; Rejuvitas; Revana; Roche; VoxelCloud; and Zeiss. She receives research funding from Lowy Medical Foundation and Regenxbio. C.R. consults for 4DMT; Adverum; Alcon; Allergan; Annexon; Apellis; Astellas; Aviceda; Boehringer Ingelheim; Chengdu Kanghong; Clearside; Cognition Therapeutics; Endogena; EyePoint; Genentech, Inc.; Iveric Bio, An Astellas Company; Janssen; jCyte; Kodiak Sciences; Kyoto Drug Development; Lineage Cell Therapeutics; Merck; NGM Bio; Novartis; Ocugen; Ocuphire; OcuTerra; Opthea; Oxular; Ray; Regeneron; Regenxbio; Sanofi; Stealth; Théa; Zeiss; and ZipBio; He receives research support from 4DMT; Adverum; Allergan; Annexon; Apellis; Astellas; EyePoint; Genentech, Inc.; Gyroscope; Iveric Bio, An Astellas Company; Kodiak Sciences; Lineage Cell Therapeutics; NGM Bio; Novartis; Ocugen; Opthea; Regeneron; and Regenxbio. He has stock options in Aviceda and Ocugen. C.W. consults for Alcon; Alimera; Allergan/AbbVie; Apellis; DORC; EyePoint; Genentech; Iveric Bio, An Astellas Company; Opthea; Regeneron; Regenxbio; and Zeiss. She received research support from AGTC, Alimera Sciences, and DRCR Retina Network. She received royalties from Springer Publishing. She holds voluntary leadership positions with the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, American Society of Retina Specialists, Retina Society, and Women in Ophthalmology. T.W. consults for Aldropika Therapeutics; Astellas; Bayer; Boehringer Ingelheim; Eden Ophthalmic; Genentech; Iveric Bio, An Astellas Company; Novartis; Oxurion; Plano; Roche; Sanofi; Shanghai Henlius; and Zhaoke Pharmaceutical; and holds patents for and is the cofounder of EyRiS and Visre. M.B., J.H., and I.L. are employees and stockholders of Opthea Limited.