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Authors
Liegl, Constance https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9714-2851
Bourauel, Leonie
Aretz, Benjamin
Walz, Wolfgang
Hundertmark, Sarah
Petrak, Michael
Holz, Frank G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8019-9272
Mercieca, Karl
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ernst-und-Berta-Grimmke Foundation, grant reference number: 18/24
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Article History
Received: 22 April 2025
Revised: 8 October 2025
Accepted: 13 November 2025
First Online: 16 December 2025
Competing interests
: CL, LB, BA, WW, SH and MP certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organisation or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. KM has received honoraria or research grants from the following: Allergan/Abbvie (C,H,R) and Glaukos (C,H,R), but none of this is related to the current study. FGH has received honoraria or research grants from the following: Acucela (C,F), Allergan (F), Apellis (C, F), Bayer (C, F), Boehringer-Ingelheim (C), Bioeq/ Formycon (F,C), CenterVue (F), Ellex (F), Roche/Genentech (C,F), Geuder (C,F), Graybug (C), Gyroscope (C), Heidelberg Engineering (C,F), IvericBio (C, F), Kanghong (C,F), LinBioscience (C), NightStarX (F), Novartis (C,F), Optos (F), Oxurion (C), Pixium Vision (C,F), Oxurion (C), Stealth BioTherapeutics (C), Zeiss (F,C), but none of this is related to the current study.
: This study protocol was reviewed and approved by ethics review board at the University of Bonn, “Ethikkommission der Universität Bonn”, approval number 458/21.
: No written informed consent was obtained from participants to participate in the study. Due to the retrospective character of this study and since used data does not allow to identify patients, a waiver of informed consent was obtained by the local ethics committee. The ethics review board at the University of Bonn, “Ethikkommission der Universität Bonn” gave a waiver under the reference number 258/21. The research was conducted ethically in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.
