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Authors
Regillo, Carl https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8260-9925
Kaiser, Peter K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5126-045X
Kertes, Peter J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0348-5096
Gillies, Mark https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-0274
Maio-Twofoot, Tina
Lawrence, David
Holz, Frank G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8019-9272
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Novartis Pharma AG
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Article History
Received: 5 September 2025
Revised: 18 November 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Competing interests
: CR: Research Grant Support: 4DMT, Adverum, Allergan, Annexon, Apellis, Astellas, EyePoint, Genentech, Gyroscope, IVERIC bio, Janssen, Kodiak, Lineage Cell Therapeutics, NGM Bio, Notal Vision, Novartis, Ocugen, OcuTerra, Opthea, Regeneron, Regenxbio; Consultant: 4DMT, Adverum, Allergan, Annexon, Apellis, Astellas, Aviceda, Bausch + Lomb, BioCryst, Cognition Therapeutics, Coherus, EyePoint, Genentech, IVERIC bio, Janssen, jCyte, Kodiak, Kyoto Drug Development, Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Merck, Neurotech, NGM Bio, Novartis, Novelty Nobility, Ocugen, Ocuphire, OcuTerra, Opthea, Outlook, Ray, Regeneron, Regenxbio, Sandoz, Stealth BioTherapeutics, Théa, Zeiss, ZipBio; Advisory board: Cognition; Stock: Ocugen, Aviceda, ZipBio. PKK: Honoraria, Advisory board: Abbvie, Amgen, Astellas, Coherus, Regeneron, Genentech, Sanofi, Hexal, Biogen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celltrion, Alcon, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Coherus, Eyepoint Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Bausch and Lomb, Samsung Bioepis, Alnylam, Kala Pharmaceuticals, Apellis; Consultant: Alexion, Alkeus, Allgenesis, Alzheon, Amaros, Annexon Biosciences, AsclepiX, Augen Therapeutics, Aviceda, Bayer, Beacon Therapeutics (AGTC), Carl Zeiss Meditec, Complement Therapeutics, Endogena Therapeutics, Frontera Therapeutics, Galimedix, Innovent, Invirsa, iRenix, Isarna, jCyte, Kanaph Therapeutics, Kanghong, Kera Therapeutics, Kriya Therapeutics, Nanoscope Therapeutics, Ocugenix, Oculis, Omeros, Osanni Bio, Panther Pharmaceuticals, Ray Therapeutics, RegenxBio, Resonance Medicine Inc, RetinaAI Medical AG, Retinal Sciences, ReVana, Revopsis, Roivant, Sandoz, SGN Nanopharma Inc, SmileBiotek Zhuhai Ltd, Stealth Biotherapeutics, Stuart, Sustained Nano Systems, Takeda, Théa, Tilak, Unity Biotechnology, Vanotech, VisgenX; Employee of Ocular Therapeutix and holds shares of Ocular Therapeutix. PJK: Research Grant Support: Roche, Novartis, Bayer, Regenx Bio, Johnson and Johnson, Neuracle Genetics; Consultant: Kriya, Apellis, Novartis, Bayer, Regenx Bio, Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim, AdMare Bioinnovations, Johnson and Johnson; Honoraria: Bayer, Roche, Novartis; Expert Testimony: Amgen; Travel Support: Roche. MG: Honoraria, advisory board member, research support from Novartis, Bayer, Roche and Apellis. TM-T: Employee of Novartis and holds shares of Novartis. DL: Employee of Novartis and holds shares of Novartis. FGH: Research grant support: Acucela, Allergan, Annexon, Apellis, Bayer, Bioeq/Formycon, CenterVue, Ellex, Roche/Genentech, Geuder, NightStarx, Novartis, Optos, Science, Zeiss; Consultant: Acucela, Aerie, Allergan, Alzheon, Annexon, Apellis, Astellas, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Cirrus, Roche/Genentech, Geuder, Graybug Vision, Iveric bio, LinBioscience, Novartis, Science, Oxurion, Stealth BioTherapeutics, Zeiss; Honoraria: Allergan, Apellis, Bayer, Roche/Genentech, Novartis; Leadership/fiduciary: German Ophthalmological Society (DOG).
