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Performance of modern large language models in ophthalmic knowledge assessment: a comparative assessment of OpenEvidence, ChatGPT-5.1, and Gemini 3.0 Pro

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-026-04373-9

Published Online: 2026-02-27

Published Print: 2026-04

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Jin, Eric https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5360-7658
Ang, Bryan Chin Hou https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8256-4894
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-02-27

Version of Record valid from 2026-02-27
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Article History

Received: 30 January 2026

Revised: 13 February 2026

Accepted: 23 February 2026

First Online: 27 February 2026

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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