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Article History

Received: 10 April 2026

Revised: 29 April 2026

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 5 June 2026

Competing interests

: DMB has received consulting fees/honoraria for ongoing services provided as a consultant for AAVantgarde, Abbvie, Alpha Insights, AmerisourceBergen, Annexon, Apellis, Bayer, Biogen, Biotissue, BMC, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celltrion, Clearside Biomedical, Curacle, Eyconis, Eyebiotech, Glaukos, Harrow, HCPLive, Impact Education, Innovate Retina, Kodiak Sciences, Kowa, Lumanity, Medscape, Merit, Multimedia Medical, Neurotech, Novartis Pharma AG, Ocular Therapeutix, Ocuphire, Optos, PER, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., RetinAI Medical AG, RMEI, Samsung Bioepis, Senju Pharmaceutical, SIMR Biotech, Snell Medical, Stealth BioTherapeutics, Thea, Topcon, Voiant, WebMD, Xequel Bio, and Xfacto; has received ongoing research support as a principal investigator for trials sponsored by 4D Molecular Therapeutics, AffaMed Therapeutics, Alcon, Alexion, Amgen, Annexon, Apellis, Ashvattha Therapeutics, Astellas, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Clearside Biomedical, Eyebiotech, EyePoint, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Genentech, Glaukos, Graybug Vision, Gyroscope Therapeutics, i-Lumen Scientific, Ionis, Janssen, Jaeb Center for Health Research (Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network), Kodiak Sciences, Kyoto Drug Discovery & Development Co., Ltd., Kyowa Kirin, LumiThera, MeiraGTx, Mylan, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Neuracle Genetics, Novartis, Ocular Therapeutix, Oculis, OcuTerra, Ollin Biosciences, Opthea, Optos, Outlook Therapeutics, Oxular, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Rezolute, Sandoz, Senju Pharmaceutical, Shanghai Henlius Biotech, Stealth BioTherapeutics, Xbrane, and Zeiss Meditec; has disclosed a patent for Optos; and has stock options with Adverum, Clearside Biomedical, and Ocuphire. AJB and RR are employees and stakeholders of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.