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Article History

Received: 10 March 2025

Revised: 1 August 2025

Accepted: 14 August 2025

First Online: 22 August 2025

Competing interests

: MT, MSchw and JK are listed as inventors on a patent application on the endothelial cell-directed DWP-presenting AAV mutants submitted by their respective institutions. All other authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

: The animal experiment was conducted in accordance with the German Law for the Protection of Animals and the European Union’s legislation on the protection of animals used for scientific purpose (EU directive 2010/63/EU). The Ethical application and the study protocol were reviewed by the Lower Saxony ethical committee for animal experiments (§ 15 committee) and by the ethical committee and animal welfare officer of Neu Encepharm. The responsible local authorities (Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Lower Saxony, Germany) approved the ethical application under the registration number 14/1583. Human primary cells were obtained from ScienCell. All ScienCell Research Laboratories human cells are sourced within the USA under protocols that have obtained Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, governed by Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 46. IRBs are federally empowered by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Department of Health and Human Services who authorize and task them to review, modify, approve or disapprove proposed research involving human subjects under the regulations of 45 CFR Part 46. Fundamental to obtaining IRB approval is that the important ethical tenets outlined in the Belmont Report (Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research, Report of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research) are adhered to.