Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DP1DK143574)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB027223, R01EB030102)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS128461)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Mental Health (UG3MH126861)
Article History
Received: 26 February 2025
Revised: 10 November 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Washington University in St. Louis (Protocol NO. 24-0222) and conducted in compliance with the National Institute of Health (NIH) Guidelines for animal research.