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Article History

Received: 24 June 2025

Revised: 17 November 2025

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Competing interests

: LAV: received consulting fees from Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and HEMA Biologics, Inc. CH: received consulting fees from BioMarin Pharmaceutical, CSL Behring, LFB Biopharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Octapharma, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Sanofi, and Sobi; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers’ bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events for BioMarin Pharmaceutical, CSL Behring, LFB Biopharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Octapharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Sobi; received support for attending meetings and/or travel from LFB Biopharmaceuticals and Sobi; and participated in a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for CSL Behring. DC: full-time employee of the World Federation of Hemophilia and has received payment as an advisor from BioMarin Pharmaceutical and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. WM: Bayer, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, Biotest, CSL Behring, Chugai, Freeline, LFB Biopharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Octapharma, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Roche, Sanofi, Sobi, Takeda/Shire, uniQure. MEM: acted as a paid consultant, speaker, and/or advisor for Bayer, BioMarin, CSL Behring, Kedrion, LFB Biopharmaceuticals, Novo Nordisk, Octapharma, Pfizer, Sanofi, Sobi, Roche, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Inc. CU: received a grant from Pfizer Global Medical Grants competitive grant program; and consulting fees from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. MJ: employee of, and holds stock or stock options for, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. DEG: employee of, and holds stock or stock options for, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. WMc: received honoraria from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and payment for expert testimony from BioMarin Pharmaceutical, CSL Behring, and Sobi. CMK: received grants/research support from Bayer, Genentech, Octapharma, and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; consulting fees from Bayer, Biogen, BioMarin Pharmaceutical, CSL Behring, Genentech, Novo Nordisk, Octapharma, Pfizer, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and participated in a data safety monitoring board for Bayer and Octapharma.

: Ethical approval and informed consent were not needed, as no human or animal experiments were conducted and no identifiable data were collected.

: All authors have provided their consent for the publication of this manuscript.