Tenuta, Mary https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0708-3932
Bravo, Morgan
Olson, Alex
Saney, Celia L.
Weinfurter, Jason https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8076-2598
Ben-Akiva, Elana
Bhange, Disha
Cottrell, Christopher A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3364-3083
Vosler, Logan
Weisgrau, Kimberly
Burton, Dennis R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6711-9864
Irvine, Darrell J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8637-1405
Schief, William R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-0150
Rakasz, Eva
Joyner, Chester J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1367-2829
Voss, James E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4777-1596
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI165143)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI167003)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1183956)
Article History
Received: 9 November 2025
Revised: 6 March 2026
Accepted: 17 March 2026
First Online: 10 April 2026
Competing interests
: W.R.S and C.A.C. are inventors on patent applications regarding immunogens in this manuscript. W.R.S. is an employee and shareholder of Moderna, Inc.