Zhang, Chaowei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-1756
Reid, Kerry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5653-9935
Schierup, Mikkel Heide https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5028-1790
Wang, Hongbo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-2580
Candolin, Ulrika https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8736-7793
Merilä, Juha https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9614-0072
Article History
Received: 10 December 2024
Revised: 1 May 2025
Accepted: 6 May 2025
First Online: 12 June 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study did not involve any procedures or experiments requiring specific ethical approval or permits. All research was conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines and ethical standards of Tvärminne Zoological station.