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Authors
Cobb, Lauren
Sydenham, Markus A. K.
Nielsen, Anders https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3294-6234
Star, Bastiaan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0235-9810
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Article History
Received: 10 October 2025
Revised: 26 July 2026
Accepted: 29 July 2026
First Online: 18 August 2026
Ethics
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Bastiaan Star is an associate editor for Heredity .
Ethics approval: This study uses tissues obtained from bumblebees sampled in the wild. No permits were required for sampling in Scandinavia. Bees in northern Germany were collected under permit from the Schleswig-Holstein Nature Conservation Bureau, issued to M. Kuhlmann.
