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Article History

Received: 25 October 2024

Revised: 12 April 2025

Accepted: 18 April 2025

First Online: 23 May 2025

Compliance with ethical standards

:

: EYFW has received research grants from the Health Bureau, the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, Narcotics Division, Security Bureau, Social Welfare Department, Labour and Welfare Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong SAR and National Natural Science Foundation of China; serves on member of Core Team for Expert Group on Drug Registration of Pharmacy and Poisons Board, and is the director of Advance Data Analytics for Medical Science (ADAMS) Limited (HK). These are outside the submitted work. I.C.K.W. received research grants from Amgen, Janssen, GSK, Novartis, Pfizer, Bayer and Bristol-Myers Squibb and Takeda, Institute for Health Research in England, European Commission, National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia, The European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, Research Grants Council Hong Kong and Health and Medical Research Fund Hong Kong; consulting fees from IQVIA and World Health Organization; payment for expert testimony for Appeal Court in Hong Kong; serves on advisory committees for Member of Pharmacy and Poisons Board; is a member of the Expert Committee on Clinical Events Assessment Following COVID-19 Immunization; is a member of the Advisory Panel on COVID-19 Vaccines of the Hong Kong Government; is the non-executive director of Jacobson Pharma Corp. Ltd. in Hong Kong; and was the founder and director of Therakind Limited (UK), currently a director of Advance Data Analytics for Medical Science (ADAMS) Limited (HK) and OCUS Innovation Limited (HK, Ireland and UK).

: This study was approved by the Severance Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB No. 4-2022-0248) and the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster (ref.: UW 21-297).