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Article History

Received: 15 January 2019

Accepted: 18 June 2019

First Online: 10 July 2019

Competing interests

: C.N. and S.E.B declare no competing interests. A.B. reports grants and nonfinancial support from Progenity, personal fees from NuMedii, personal fees from Personalis, grants and personal fees from NIH (multiple institutes), grants from L’Oreal, grants and personal fees from Genentech, personal fees from Merck, personal fees from Lilly, personal fees from Assay Depot, personal fees from Geisinger Health, personal fees from GNS Healthcare, personal fees from uBiome, personal fees from Roche, personal fees from Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, personal fees from Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe, personal fees from Verinata, personal fees from 10x Genomics, personal fees from Pathway Genomics, personal fees from Guardant Health, personal fees from Gerson Lehrman Group, personal fees from Nuna Health, personal fees from Samsung, personal fees from Milken Institute, personal fees from Brown University, personal fees from Oregon Health Sciences University Knight Cancer Center, personal fees from Vermont Oxford Network, personal fees from University of Chicago, personal fees from Mount Sinai School of Medicine, personal fees from University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, personal fees from Capital Royalty Group, personal fees from Champalimaud Foundation, personal fees from Scripps Translational Science Institute, personal fees from Washington University in St. Louis, personal fees from University of Maryland, personal fees from HIMSS, personal fees from Federation of Clinical Immunology Societies (FOCIS), personal fees from Kansas City Area Life Sciences Institute, personal fees from Association for Molecular Pathology, personal fees from TEDMED, personal fees from Physician’s Education Resource, personal fees from Optum Labs, personal fees from National Jewish Health, personal fees from Federation of the Israeli Societies for Experimental Biology (FISEB), personal fees from Pfizer, personal fees from Bayer, personal fees from Fusion Conferences, personal fees from Accelerating Biopharmaceutical Development (AccBio), personal fees from Three Lakes Partners, personal fees from Pediatric Academic Societies, personal fees from Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, personal fees from Human Proteomics Organization (HUPO), personal fees from HudsonAlpha, personal fees from Tensegrity, grants from Intervalien Foundation, personal fees from Association for Academic Health Sciences Libraries, personal fees from Westat, personal fees from FH Foundation, personal fees from University of Kentucky, personal fees from University of Pennsylvania, personal fees from The Transplantation Society, personal fees from California Office of Planning and Research, personal fees from WuXi, personal fees from University of Arkansas, personal fees from FlareCapital, personal fees from National Academies, personal fees from Helix, personal fees from American Urological Association, personal fees from Association for American Medical Colleges, personal fees from Roam Insights, personal fees from United Network for Organ Sharing, personal fees from American Association of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, personal fees from University of Michigan, personal fees from Autodesk, personal fees from Regenstrief Institute, personal fees from American Medical Association, personal fees from Precision Medicine World Conference, personal fees from University of Chicago, personal fees from Mars, and personal fees from Kneed Media. Stanford University pays royalties each year on licensed intellectual property. MIT Press pays royalties each year on book sales.