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Article History

Received: 26 September 2021

Accepted: 25 February 2022

First Online: 24 March 2022

Competing interests

: B.J.M. reported receiving grants from the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US Food and Drug Administration, and the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency outside the submitted work; in addition, B.J.M. has a pending patent on predictive models using electronic health records (US20180315507A1). A.H.R. is funded by <i>Kjell och Märta Beijer Foundation</i>. D.L.J. has received personal fees from MyoKardia and has received a grant through the SHaRe Cardiomyopathy Registry, which is funded by MyoKardia. W.L.S. was an investigator for a research agreement, through Yale University, from the Shenzhen Center for Health Information for work to advance intelligent disease prevention and health promotion; collaborates with the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases in Beijing; is a technical consultant to Hugo Health, a personal health information platform, and co-founder of Refactor Health, an AI-augmented data management platform for healthcare; is a consultant for Interpace Diagnostics Group, a molecular diagnostics company. H.M.K. works under contract with the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to support quality measurement programs, was a recipient of a research grant from Johnson & Johnson, through Yale University, to support clinical trial data sharing; was a recipient of a research agreement, through Yale University, from the Shenzhen Center for Health Information for work to advance intelligent disease prevention and health promotion; collaborates with the National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases in Beijing; receives payment from the Arnold & Porter Law Firm for work related to the Sanofi clopidogrel litigation, from the Martin Baughman Law Firm for work related to the Cook Celect IVC filter litigation, and from the Siegfried and Jensen Law Firm for work related to Vioxx litigation; chairs a Cardiac Scientific Advisory Board for UnitedHealth; was a member of the IBM Watson Health Life Sciences Board; is a member of the Advisory Board for Element Science, the Advisory Board for Facebook, and the Physician Advisory Board for Aetna; and is the co-founder of Hugo Health, a personal health information platform, and co-founder of Refactor Health, a healthcare AI-augmented data management company. A.H.R. is supported in part by CNPq (310679/2016-8 and 465518/2014-1) and by FAPEMIG (PPM-00428-17 and RED-00081-16). R.K. is the coinventor of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/177,117, “Methods for neighborhood phenomapping for clinical trials” and a co-founder of Evidence2Health, a precision health platform to improve evidence-based care. The other authors have no relevant competing interests.