Case, James Brett https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7331-5511
Mackin, Samantha
Errico, John M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4452-8152
Chong, Zhenlu
Madden, Emily A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0209-914X
Whitener, Bradley
Guarino, Barbara
Schmid, Michael A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1137-9322
Rosenthal, Kim
Ren, Kuishu
Dang, Ha V. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1173-9241
Snell, Gyorgy
Jung, Ana
Droit, Lindsay
Handley, Scott A. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2143-6570
Halfmann, Peter J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1648-1625
Kawaoka, Yoshihiro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5061-8296
Crowe, James E. Jr. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0049-1079
Fremont, Daved H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8544-2689
Virgin, Herbert W. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8580-7628
Loo, Yueh-Ming https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6294-7273
Esser, Mark T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-3475
Purcell, Lisa A.
Corti, Davide https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5797-1364
Diamond, Michael S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8791-3165
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI157155, U01 AI151810, 75N93019C00051)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (HR0011-18-2-0001)
Article History
Received: 28 March 2022
Accepted: 24 June 2022
First Online: 2 July 2022
Competing interests
: M.S.D. is a consultant for Inbios, Vir Biotechnology, Senda Biosciences, and Carnival Corporation, and on the Scientific Advisory Boards of Moderna and Immunome. The Diamond laboratory has received funding support in sponsored research agreements from Moderna, Vir Biotechnology, and Emergent BioSolutions. J.E.C. has served as a consultant for Luna Innovations, Merck, and GlaxoSmithKline, is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Meissa Vaccines and is founder of IDBiologics. The Crowe laboratory has received sponsored research agreements from AstraZeneca, Takeda, and IDBiologics during the conduct of the study. Vanderbilt University has applied for patents for some of the antibodies in this paper, for which J.E.C. is an inventor. B.G., M.A.S, G.S., H.V.D., H.W.V., D.C., and L.A.P. are employees of Vir Biotechnology and may hold equity in Vir Biotechnology. L.A.P. is a former employee and may hold equity in Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. H.W.V. is a founder and holds shares in PierianDx and Casma Therapeutics. Neither company provided resources to this study. Y.K. has received unrelated funding support from Daiichi Sankyo Pharmaceutical, Toyama Chemical, Tauns Laboratories, Inc., Shionogi & Co. LTD, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, KM Biologics, Kyoritsu Seiyaku, Shinya Corporation, and Fuji Rebio. K. Rosenthal, K. Ren, Y-M.L. and M.T.E. are employees of AstraZeneca and may hold stock in AstraZeneca. All other authors declare no competing interests.