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Article History

Received: 24 January 2022

Accepted: 15 December 2022

First Online: 3 January 2023

Competing interests

: C.L.B. and I.C. have submitted a patent application to the US PTO pertaining to the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 vial envelope by engineered NK cells (application number PCT/US2021/053042). C.L.B. has received research funding from Merck, Sharp, and Dohme, Inc., Bristol Myers Squibb, and Kiadis Pharma. B.V., K.W.K., and N.P. are founders of Thrive Earlier Detection. K.W.K. and N.P. are consultants to and were on the Board of Directors of Thrive Earlier Detection. B.V., K.W.K., N.P., and S.Z. own equity in Exact Sciences. B.V., K.W.K., N.P., and S.Z. are founders of, hold or may hold equity in, and serve or may serve as consultants to ManaT Bio. B.V., K.W.K., N.P., and S.Z. are founders of, hold equity in, and serve as consultants to Personal Genome Diagnostics. S.Z. has a research agreement with BioMed Valley Discoveries. S.B.G. is a founder and holds equity in AMS LLC. S.B.G is a consultant to Genesis. K.W.K. and B.V. are consultants to Sysmex, Eisai, and CAGE Pharma and hold equity in CAGE Pharma. B.V. is also a consultant to Catalio. K.W.K., B.V., S.Z., and N.P. are consultants to and hold equity in NeoPhore. N.P. is an advisor to and holds equity in CAGE Pharma. C.B. is a consultant to Depuy-Synthes and Bionaut Pharmaceuticals. The companies named above, as well as other companies, have licensed previously described technologies related to this paper from Johns Hopkins University. B.V., K.W.K., S.Z., N.P., and C.B. are inventors on some of these technologies. Licenses to these technologies are or will be associated with equity or royalty payments to the inventors as well as to Johns Hopkins University. The terms of all these arrangements are being managed by Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its conflict of interest policies. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.