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Article History

Received: 6 January 2023

Accepted: 21 March 2023

First Online: 3 April 2023

Competing interests

: F.T.T.L. has been supported by the RGC Postdoctoral Fellowship under the Hong Kong Research Grants Council and has received research grants from the Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, outside the submitted work. CSLC has received grants from the Health Bureau of the Hong Kong Government, Hong Kong Research Grant Council, Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission, Pfizer, IQVIA, MSD, and Amgen; and personal fees from PrimeVigilance; and grants from Research Grants Council (RGC/ECS, Hong Kong), outside the submitted work. E.Y.F.W. has received research grants from the Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, outside the submitted work. X.L. has received research grants from the Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; research and educational grants from Janssen and Pfizer; internal funding from the University of Hong Kong; consultancy fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme; and grants from Research Grants Council (RGC/ECS, Hong Kong), unrelated to this work. C.K.H.W. reports receipt of research funding from the EuroQoL Group Research Foundation, the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, and the Hong Kong Health and Medical Research Fund; outside of the submitted work. C.L.C. received research grants and honorarium from Amgen, research grant support from HMRF, and honorarium from Abbott. I.C.K.W. reports research funding outside the submitted work from Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Janssen, Bayer, GSK, Novartis, the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, the Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, National Institute for Health Research in England, European Commission, and the National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia; has received speaker fees from Janssen and Medice in the previous 3 years; and is an independent non-executive director of Jacobson Medical in Hong Kong. E.W.Y.C. reports honorarium from Hospital Authority; and grants from the Research Grants Council (RGC, Hong Kong), Research Fund Secretariat of the Health Bureau, National Natural Science Fund of China, Wellcome Trust, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Janssen, Amgen, Takeda, and Narcotics Division of the Security Bureau of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.