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Article History

Received: 14 March 2023

Accepted: 2 August 2023

First Online: 17 August 2023

Competing interests

: A.Y.L.C. is supported by the AIR@innoHK programme of the Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission. D.P.J.O and J.F.H are supported by the University College London Hospitals NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and the NIHR North Thames Applied Research Collaboration. I.C.K.W. received research funding outside the submitted work from Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Janssen, Bayer, GSK, Novartis, Takeda, the Hong Kong Research Grants Council, and the Hong Kong Health and Medical Research Fund, National Institute for Health Research in England, European Commission, National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia. He is also a non-executive director of Jacobson Pharma Corporation Limited in Hong Kong and a consultant to the World Health Organization. K.K.C.M. reports grants from the CW Maplethorpe Fellowship, the European Union Horizon 2020, the UK National Institute of Health Research and the Hong Kong Research Grant Council, Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Commission, and reports personal fees from IQVIA, unrelated to the submitted work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests. All funders had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care.