Updates are available Correction dated 2024-04-04
Click to view Correction: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47320-6
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Authors
Michael, Benedict D. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8693-8926
Dunai, Cordelia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5799-2387
Needham, Edward J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7042-7462
Tharmaratnam, Kukatharmini https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8255-9822
Williams, Robyn https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9505-9563
Huang, Yun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7843-9126
Boardman, Sarah A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4385-6004
Clark, Jordan J.
Sharma, Parul
Subramaniam, Krishanthi
Wood, Greta K.
Collie, Ceryce https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0239-9401
Digby, Richard https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9733-4741
Ren, Alexander
Norton, Emma
Leibowitz, Maya
Ebrahimi, Soraya
Fower, Andrew
Fox, Hannah
Tato, Esteban https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8664-8742
Ellul, Mark A.
Sunderland, Geraint https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9040-5949
Held, Marie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0118-5898
Hetherington, Claire https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9234-4459
Egbe, Franklyn N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9547-4609
Palmos, Alish https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5748-6652
Stirrups, Kathy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6823-3252
Grundmann, Alexander
Chiollaz, Anne-Cecile
Sanchez, Jean-Charles
Stewart, James P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8928-2037
Griffiths, Michael
Solomon, Tom https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7266-6547
Breen, Gerome https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2053-1792
Coles, Alasdair J.
Kingston, Nathalie
Bradley, John R.
Chinnery, Patrick F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7065-6617
Cavanagh, Jonathan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0640-8050
Irani, Sarosh R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7667-9748
Vincent, Angela https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2395-8695
Baillie, J. Kenneth https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5258-793X
Openshaw, Peter J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7220-2555
Semple, Malcolm G. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9700-0418
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Baillie, J. Kenneth
Openshaw, Peter J.
Semple, Malcolm G.
Alex, Beatrice
Andrikopoulos, Petros
Bach, Benjamin
Barclay, Wendy S.
Bogaert, Debby
Chand, Meera
Chechi, Kanta
Cooke, Graham S.
da Silva, Ana
de Silva, Thushan
Docherty, Annemarie B.
dos Santos, Gonçalo
Dumas, Marc-Emmanuel
Dunning, Jake
Fletcher, Tom
Green, Christoper A.
Greenhalf, William
Griffin, Julian L.
Gupta, Rishi K.
Harrison, Ewen M.
Wai, Antonia Y.
Holden, Karl
Horby, Peter W.
Ijaz, Samreen
Khoo, Saye
Klenerman, Paul
Law, Andrew
Lewis, Matthew R.
Liggi, Sonia
Lim, Wei S.
Maslen, Lynn
Mentzer, Alexander J.
Merson, Laura
Meynert, Alison M.
Moore, Shona C.
Noursadeghi, Mahdad
Olanipekun, Michael
Osagie, Anthonia
Palmarini, Massimo
Palmieri, Carlo
Paxton, William A.
Pollakis, Georgios
Price, Nicholas
Rambaut, Andrew
Robertson, David L.
Russell, Clark D.
Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa
Sands, Caroline J.
Scott, Janet T.
Sigfrid, Louise
Solomon, Tom
Sriskandan, Shiranee
Stuart, David
Summers, Charlotte
Swann, Olivia V.
Takats, Zoltan
Takis, Panteleimon
Tedder, Richard S.
Thompson, A. A. R.
Thomson, Emma C.
Thwaites, Ryan S.
Turtle, Lance C.
Zambon, Maria
Drake, Thomas M.
Fairfield, Cameron J.
Knight, Stephen R.
Mclean, Kenneth A.
Murphy, Derek
Norman, Lisa
Pius, Riinu
Shaw, Catherine A.
Connor, Marie
Dalton, Jo
Gamble, Carrol
Girvan, Michelle
Halpin, Sophie
Harrison, Janet
Jackson, Clare
Lee, James
Marsh, Laura
Plotkin, Daniel
Roberts, Stephanie
Saviciute, Egle
Clohisey, Sara
Hendry, Ross
Knight, Susan
Lahnsteiner, Eva
Leeming, Gary
Norris, Lucy
Scott-Brown, James
Tait, Sarah
Wham, Murray
Clark, Richard
Coutts, Audrey
Donnelly, Lorna
Fawkes, Angie
Gilchrist, Tammy
Hafezi, Katarzyna
MacGillivray, Louise
Maclean, Alan
McCafferty, Sarah
Morrice, Kirstie
Murphy, Lee
Wrobel, Nicola
Carson, Gail
Adeniji, Kayode
Agranoff, Daniel
Agwuh, Ken
Ail, Dhiraj
Aldera, Erin L.
Alegria, Ana
Allen, Sam
Angus, Brian
Ashish, Abdul
Atkinson, Dougal
Bari, Shahedal
Barlow, Gavin
Barnass, Stella
Barrett, Nicholas
Bassford, Christopher
Basude, Sneha
Baxter, David
Beadsworth, Michael
Bernatoniene, Jolanta
Berridge, John
Berry, Colin
Best, Nicola
Bothma, Pieter
Brittain-Long, Robin
Bulteel, Naomi
Burden, Tom
Burtenshaw, Andrew
Caruth, Vikki
Chadwick, David
Chambler, Duncan
Chee, Nigel
Child, Jenny
Chukkambotla, Srikanth
Clark, Tom
Collini, Paul
Cosgrove, Catherine
Cupitt, Jason
Cutino-Moguel, Maria-Teresa
Dark, Paul
Dawson, Chris
Dervisevic, Samir
Donnison, Phil
Douthwaite, Sam
Drummond, Andrew
DuRand, Ingrid
Dushianthan, Ahilanadan
Dyer, Tristan
Evans, Cariad
Eziefula, Chi
Fegan, Chrisopher
Finn, Adam
Fullerton, Duncan
Garg, Sanjeev
Garg, Atul
Gkrania-Klotsas, Effrossyni
Godden, Jo
Goldsmith, Arthur
Graham, Clive
Grammatikopoulos, Tassos
Hardy, Elaine
Hartshorn, Stuart
Harvey, Daniel
Havalda, Peter
Hawcutt, Daniel B.
Hobrok, Maria
Hodgson, Luke
Hormis, Anil
Howard, Joanne
Jacobs, Michael
Jain, Susan
Jennings, Paul
Kaliappan, Agilan
Kasipandian, Vidya
Kegg, Stephen
Kelsey, Michael
Kendall, Jason
Kerrison, Caroline
Kerslake, Ian
Koch, Oliver
Koduri, Gouri
Koshy, George
Laha, Shondipon
Laird, Steven
Larkin, Susan
Leiner, Tamas
Lillie, Patrick
Limb, James
Linnett, Vanessa
Little, Jeff
Lyttle, Mark
MacMahon, Michael
MacNaughton, Emily
Mankregod, Ravish
Masson, Huw
Matovu, Elijah
McCullough, Katherine
McEwen, Ruth
Meda, Manjula
Mills, Gary
Minton, Jane
Mohandas, Kavya
Mok, Quen
Moon, James
Moore, Elinoor
Morgan, Patrick
Morris, Craig
Mortimore, Katherine
Moses, Samuel
Mpenge, Mbiye
Mulla, Rohinton
Murphy, Michael
Nagarajan, Thapas
Nagel, Megan
Nelson, Mark
Norris, Lillian
O’Shea, Matthew K.
Ostermann, Marlies
Otahal, Igor
Pais, Mark
Panchatsharam, Selva
Papakonstantinou, Danai
Papineni, Padmasayee
Paraiso, Hassan
Patel, Brij
Pattison, Natalie
Pepperell, Justin
Peters, Mark
Phull, Mandeep
Pintus, Stefania
Planche, Tim
Post, Frank
Price, David
Prout, Rachel
Rae, Nikolas
Reschreiter, Henrik
Reynolds, Tim
Richardson, Neil
Roberts, Mark
Roberts, Devender
Rose, Alistair
Rousseau, Guy
Ruge, Bobby
Ryan, Brendan
Saluja, Taranprit
Schmid, Matthias L.
Shah, Aarti
Shankar-Hari, Manu
Shanmuga, Prad
Sharma, Anil
Shawcross, Anna
Pooni, Jagtur S.
Sizer, Jeremy
Smith, Richard
Snelson, Catherine
Spittle, Nick
Staines, Nikki
Stambach, Tom
Stewart, Richard
Subudhi, Pradeep
Szakmany, Tamas
Tatham, Kate
Thomas, Jo
Thompson, Chris
Thompson, Robert
Tridente, Ascanio
Tupper-Carey, Darell
Twagira, Mary
Vallotton, Nick
Vancheeswaran, Rama
Vincent, Rachel
Vincent-Smith, Lisa
Visuvanathan, Shico
Vuylsteke, Alan
Waddy, Sam
Wake, Rachel
Walden, Andrew
Welters, Ingeborg
Whitehouse, Tony
Whittaker, Paul
Whittington, Ashley
Wijesinghe, Meme
Williams, Martin
Wilson, Lawrence
Winchester, Stephen
Wiselka, Martin
Wolverson, Adam
Wootton, Daniel G.
Workman, Andrew
Yates, Bryan
Young, Peter
McDonald, Sarah E.
Shaw, Victoria
Ahmed, Katie A.
Armstrong, Jane A.
Ashworth, Milton
Asiimwe, Innocent G.
Bakshi, Siddharth
Barlow, Samantha L.
Booth, Laura
Brennan, Benjamin
Bullock, Katie
Carlucci, Nicola
Cass, Emily
Catterall, Benjamin W.
Clark, Jordan J.
Clarke, Emily A.
Cole, Sarah
Cooper, Louise
Cox, Helen
Davis, Christopher
Dincarslan, Oslem
Carracedo, Alejandra D.
Dunn, Chris
Dyer, Philip
Elliott, Angela
Evans, Anthony
Finch, Lorna
Fisher, Lewis W.
Flaherty, Lisa
Foster, Terry
Garcia-Dorival, Isabel
Gunning, Philip
Hartley, Catherine
Holmes, Anthony
Jensen, Rebecca L.
Jones, Christopher B.
Jones, Trevor R.
Khandaker, Shadia
King, Katharine
Kiy, Robyn T.
Koukorava, Chrysa
Lake, Annette
Lant, Suzannah
Latawiec, Diane
Lavelle-Langham, Lara
Lefteri, Daniella
Lett, Lauren
Livoti, Lucia A.
Mancini, Maria
Massey, Hannah
Maziere, Nicole
McDonald, Sarah
McEvoy, Laurence
McLauchlan, John
Metelmann, Soeren
Miah, Nahida S.
Middleton, Joanna
Mitchell, Joyce
Murphy, Ellen G.
Penrice-Randal, Rebekah
Pilgrim, Jack
Prince, Tessa
Reynolds, Will
Ridley, P. M.
Sales, Debby
Shaw, Victoria E.
Shears, Rebecca K.
Small, Benjamin
Subramaniam, Krishanthi S.
Szemiel, Agnieska
Taggart, Aislynn
Tanianis-Hughes, Jolanta
Thomas, Jordan
Trochu, Erwan
Tonder, Libby v.
Wilcock, Eve
Zhang, J. E.
Keating, Seán
Donegan, Cara
Spencer, Rebecca G.
Donohue, Chloe
Griffiths, Fiona
Hardwick, Hayley
Oosthuyzen, Wilna
,
Hampshire, Adam
Sieradzki, Adam
Seed, Adam W.
Garjani, Afagh
Nair, Akshay
Coles, Alaisdair
Carson, Alan
Darby, Alastair
Berry, Alex
Dregan, Alex
Grundmann, Alexander
Palmos, Alish
Al-Chalabi, Ammar
McIntosh, Andrew M.
Holland, Angela E.
Roberts, Angela
Vincent, Angela
Venneri, Annalena
David, Anthony S.
Tamborska, Arina
Patel, Arvind
Easton, Ava
Michael, Benedict D.
Blackledge, Bethan
Facer, Bethany
Singh, Bhagteshwar
Sargent, Brendan
Collie, Ceryce
Leek, Charles
Armour, Cherie
Morris, Christopher M.
Allen, Christopher M.
Mulholland, Ciaran
MacIver, Claire L.
Dunai, Cordelia
Smith, Craig J.
van, Daniel J.
Madarshahian, Daniel
Christmas, David
Cousins, David
Menon, David K.
Christmas, David M.
Breen, David P.
Monssen, Dina
Bullmore, Edward
Needham, Edward
McGlinchey, Emily
Thomson, Emma
Duff, Eugene
Hodel, Eva M.
Harrison, Ewan
Zelaya, Fernando
Lewis, Gabriella
McDonnell, Gavin
Breen, Gerome
Wood, Greta K.
Williams, Guy B.
Hannah, C.
Rogers, Henry C.
Galea, Ian
Smith, Jacqueline
Harris, Jade D.
Lilleker, James B.
Amin, Jay
Aggleton, John P.
Bradley, John R.
Taylor, John-Paul
Cavanagh, Jonathan
Coleman, Jonathan R.
Underwood, Jonathan
Breuer, Judith
Hiscox, Julian
Miller, Karla
Dodd, Katherine C.
Glen, Kiran
Benjamin, Laura
Taams, Leonie
George, Lily
Hardwick, Marc
Baker, Mark R.
Husain, Masud
Butler, Matthew
Hotopf, Matthew
Broome, Matthew R.
Samuel, Merna
Griffiths, Michael
Lunn, Michael P.
Zandi, Michael S.
Hartmann, Monika
Cossette, Nadine
Martin, Naomi
Nicholas, Nathalie
Harrison, Neil A.
Basu, Neil
Harrison, Neil
Davies, Nicholas
Wood, Nicholas
Evangelou, Nikos
Orazulume, Obioma
Shaw, Pamela J.
Mansoori, Parisa
Harrison, Paul J.
Jezzard, Peter
Fernandes, Peter M.
Upthegrove, Rachel
Batra, Rahul
Gregory, Rebecca
Thomas, Rhys H.
Bethlehem, Richard
Francis, Richard
O’Malley, Ronan
Salman, Rustam A.
McIlwaine, Ryan
Kyaw, Sandar
Irani, Sarosh
Gunatilake, Savini
Semple, Scott
Hamid, Shahd H.
Peacock, Sharon
Rota, Silvia
Keller, Simon
Pendered, Sophie
Barrett, Suzanne
Hughes, Stella
Paddick, Stella-Maria
Sawcer, Stephen J.
Smith, Stephen
Williams, Steven
Wong, Sui H.
Defres, Sylviane
Jackson, Thomas
Jenkins, Thomas M.
Pollak, Thomas
Nicholson, Timothy
Veenith, Tonny
Grimbly, Victoria
Newcombe, Virginia
Taams, Leonie S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9337-7194
Menon, David K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3228-9692
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (ISSF201902/3)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/V03605X/1, MR/V007181/1, MR/T028750/1)
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Article History
Received: 4 May 2023
Accepted: 6 October 2023
First Online: 22 December 2023
Change Date: 4 April 2024
Change Type: Correction
Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:
Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-47320-6
Competing interests
: T.S. is the Director of The Pandemic Institute which has received funding from Innova and CSL Seqirus and Aviva and DAM Health. T.S. was an advisor to the GSK Ebola Vaccine programme and the Siemens Diagnostic Programme. T.S. Chaired the Siemens Healthineers Clinical Advisory Board. T.S. Co-Chaired the WHO Neuro-COVID task force and sat on the UK Government Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens, and the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) Expert Working Group on Covid-19 vaccines. T.S. Advised to the UK COVID-19 Therapeutics Advisory Panel (UK-TAP). T.S. was a Member of COVID-19 Vaccines Benefit Risk Expert Working Group for the Commission on Human Medicines (CHM) committee of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). T.S. has been a member of the Encephalitis Society since 1998 and President of the Encephalitis Society since 2019.
