Obolski, Uri https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-9745
Swarthout, Todd D. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5285-7039
Kalizang’oma, Akuzike
Mwalukomo, Thandie S.
Chan, Jia Mun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4223-7527
Weight, Caroline M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6235-550X
Brown, Comfort
Cave, Rory
Cornick, Jen
Kamng’ona, Arox Wadson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0841-7586
Msefula, Jacquline
Ercoli, Giuseppe https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7326-1680
Brown, Jeremy S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5650-5361
Lourenço, José https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9318-2581
Maiden, Martin C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6321-5138
French, Neil
Gupta, Sunetra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9775-4006
Heyderman, Robert S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4573-449X
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1117653)
DH | National Institute for Health Research (16/136/46)
Wellcome Trust (206545/Z/17/Z)
RCUK | Medical Research Council (MR/N023129/1)
Article History
Received: 13 October 2021
Accepted: 2 November 2023
First Online: 17 November 2023
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study protocol was approved by the College of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee, University of Malawi (P.02/15/1677) and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Research Ethics Committee (14.056). Adult participants and parents/guardians of child participants provided written informed consent, children 8–10 years old provided informed assent. This included consent for publication.