Ip, Samantha http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9162-6727
North, Teri-Louise
Torabi, Fatemeh http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5853-4625
Li, Yangfan
Abbasizanjani, Hoda http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9575-4758
Akbari, Ashley http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-0801
Horne, Elsie
Denholm, Rachel http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8067-5440
Keene, Spencer
Denaxas, Spiros
Banerjee, Amitava http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8741-3411
Khunti, Kamlesh
Sudlow, Cathie http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7725-7520
Whiteley, William N. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4816-8991
Sterne, Jonathan A. C. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8496-6053
Wood, Angela M. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7937-304X
Walker, Venexia http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5064-446X
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Article History
Received: 22 February 2024
Accepted: 11 June 2024
First Online: 31 July 2024
Competing interests
: K.K. was chair of the ethnicity subgroup of the UK Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE) and was a member of SAGE. C.S. is Director of the BHF Data Science Centre (whose main funding support comes from the British Heart Foundation) and Chief Scientist and Deputy Director at Health Data Research UK, the UK’s Institute for Health Data Science. She played a key role in co-developing NHS England’s national secure data environment and leads the CVD-COVID UK/COVID-IMPACT Consortium, which enabled this work. W.W. is supported by the Chief Scientists Office (CAF/01/17) and Stroke Association (SA CV 20100018). W.W. has given expert testimony to UK courts. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.