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Article History

Received: 5 December 2023

Accepted: 27 June 2024

First Online: 30 July 2024

Competing interests

: Outside the submitted work, C.M. has received consultancy fees/honorarium/travel support (past 36 months) from: Acufocus (Irvine, California, USA), Atia Vision (Campbell, California, USA), Bausch and Lomb (Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA), Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), British Society of Refractive Surgery (Oxford, UK), BVI (Liège, Belgium), Coopervision (Pleasanton, California, USA), Cutting Edge (Labége, France), Hoya (Frankfurt, Germany), Knowledge Gate Group (Copenhagen, Denmark), Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision (Santa Ana, California, USA), Keio University (Tokyo, Japan), Medevise Consulting SAS (Strasbourg, France), Ophtec BV (Groningen, The Netherlands), Portuguese Society of Ophthalmology (Coimbra, Portugal), ROHTO (Tokyo, Japan), Royal College of Ophthalmologists (London, UK), SightGlass vision (Menlo Park, California, USA), Science in Vision (Bend, Oregan, USA), Scope (Crawley, UK), SpyGlass (Aliso Viejo, California, USA), Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China), Thea pharmaceuticals (Clemont-Ferrand, France), Vold Vision (Arkansas, USA). C.M. developed the Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire and the Orthokeratology and Contact Lens Quality of Life Questionnaire (OCL-QoL), and has a financial interest in these tools. He also consults on topics including Rasch analysis, questionnaires, statistical analyses, and clinical/surgical ophthalmology topics. C.M. is a co-applicant on an awarded Welsh Government research grant related to diabetic eye disease (unpaid role), council member of the British Society for Refractive Surgery (unpaid role) and a PROM advisor to the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (unpaid role). C.M. has undertaken paid peer reviews for Research Square (Durham, North Carolina, USA). All other authors declare no competing interests.