Wang, Xingzhi
Gao, Yan
Liu, Xiaonan
Xu, Huaiyu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0401-9422
Liu, Ruixiang
Song, Jiaojiao
Li, Bo https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7427-0084
Shen, Huaibin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-0514
Fan, Fengjia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5447-6296
Article History
Received: 20 December 2023
Accepted: 10 July 2024
First Online: 27 July 2024
Competing interests
: Patents regarding the design and principle of EETA spectroscopy have been disclosed (CN Patent: CN112683797B [2021.12.14]; PCT Patent: WO/2022/121082 [2022.06.16]). B.L. and F.J.F. are the applicants and inventors of these patents. Measurement of the average electron population is performed based on this spectroscopy. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.