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Bias and negative values of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness estimates from a test-negative design without controlling for prior SARS-CoV-2 infection

Published Online: 2024-11-20

Authors

Wiegand, Ryan E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9486-1850
Fireman, Bruce

Najdowski, Morgan

Tenforde, Mark W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8702-8393
Link-Gelles, Ruth https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9617-806X
Ferdinands, Jill M.
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2024-11-20

Version of Record valid from 2024-11-20
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Article History

Received: 25 July 2024

Accepted: 8 November 2024

First Online: 20 November 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare that they do not have any commercial or other associations that might pose a conflict of interest.

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