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Article History

Received: 26 March 2024

Accepted: 13 November 2024

First Online: 29 November 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare the following competing interests. S.EA.: grants via the affiliation from Novartis for the submitted work and from Roche/Genentech, Astra Zeneca, Pfizer, and BCRF outside the submitted work. S.DC.: consultation fees from Pierre-Fabre, IQVIA, and Medica Scientia Innovation Research (MEDSIR); institutional grant from Fondazione Associazione Italiana Ricerca contro il Cancro (AIRC); and Cancer Can.Heal European EU4 Health Programme 101080009-European Commission. T.U.: honoraria from Astra Zeneca, Novartis Pharma K.K., Eisai Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd; research grant from Eli Lilly Japan K.K. M.I.: employee of Novartis, owner of Novartis shares. M.P.: invited speaker for AstraZeneca, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche-Genentech; consultant for Roche-Genentech; advisory board for Frame Therapeutics, Gilead, Menarini, NBE Therapeutics, Odonate, Roche-Genentech, SeaGen, Seattle Genetics; member of boards of directors, scientific board for Oncolytics; research grants to her Institution from AstraZeneca, Lilly, Gilead; funding to her Institution from Menarini, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Radius, Roche-Genentech, Servier, Synthon. L.P.: consulting fees and honoraria for advisory board participation from Pfizer, Astra Zeneca, Merck, Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Stemline-Menarini, GlaxoSmithKline, Genentech/Roche, Personalis, Daiichi, Natera, Exact Sciences and institutional research funding from Seagen, GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Merck, Pfizer and Bristol Myers Squibb. S.L.: research funding to institution from Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, MSD, Puma Biotechnology, Eli Lilly, Nektar Therapeutics, Astra Zeneca/Daiichi Sankyo and Seattle Genetics; consultant (not compensated) to Seattle Genetics, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, MSD, AstraZeneca/Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, Gilead Therapeutics, Nektar Therapeutics, PUMA Biotechnologies, and Roche-Genentech; consultant (paid to institution) to Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Roche-Genentech, Astra Zeneca/Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, Gilead Therapeutics, Seattle Genetics, MSD, Tallac Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Bristol Myers Squibb. R.S.: non-financial support from Merck, Case 45, and Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS); research support from Merck, Puma Biotechnology, and Roche; personal fees from Roche, BMS, Astra Zeneca, Daiichi Sankyo and Exact Sciences for advisory boards. G.V.: grants/research supports from Roche/Genentech, Ventana Medical Systems, Dako/Agilent Technologies; honoraria or consultation fees from Ventana, Dako/Agilent, Roche, MSD Oncology, AstraZeneca, Daiichi Sankyo, Pfizer, Gilead. C.S.: advisory board (receipt of honoraria or consultations fees) for Astellas, Cepheid, Vertex, Seattle genetics, Puma, Amgen, Exact Sciences, INC, Merck & Co; invited speaker for Eisai, Prime Oncology, Teva, Foundation Medicine, Exact Sciences; advisory equity from Signatur Biosciences; other support (travel, accommodation expenses) from Roche, Genentech, Pfizer. The remaining authors declare no non-financial or financial competing interests.