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Article History

Received: 30 January 2024

Accepted: 16 January 2025

First Online: 10 February 2025

Competing interests

: Y.K., D.H.M., T.W., N.T., M.P.A., Z.R.H., A.K.A., J.T, N.J.H., E.D.L., K.T., L.H., E.L.B., and C-I.L. have no conflicts to disclose. R.S.P. is a consultant, equity holder, and co-founder of Predicta Biosciences. M.A.D. has received honoraria from participation in advisory boards and satellite symposia for Amgen, Sanofi, Regeneron, Menarini, Takeda, GlaxoSmithKline, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, BeiGene, Swixx, and Astra Zeneca. R.R. is a co-founder of InnDura Therapeutics and on the scientific advisory board for Glycostem Therapeutics. E.L.S. has consulted for ArsenalBio, Blackstone Life Sciences, Chroma Medicine, Clade Therapeutics, Eureka Therapeutics, ImmuneBridge, Legend Biotech, Overland Pharmaceuticals, Predicta Biosciences and Sana Biotech; is an inventor on licensed patents (US10821135B2, granted; US10633426B2, granted; US10590196B2, granted; US11066475B2, granted; US20200123250A1, granted) that are unrelated to this work and receives royalties from Bristol Myers Squibb and Sanofi; is on the Scientific Advisory Boards of Bristol Myers Squibb, Chimeric Therapeutics and Sanofi; holds equity in Predicta Biosciences and receives research funding from Sanofi. E.K. has received honoraria from Janssen, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, and Sanofi, and research support from Janssen, GlaxoSmithKline, and Pfizer. S.P.T. is a consultant for and receiving research funds from AbbVie/Pharmacyclics, Janssen, BeiGene, Eli Lilly, and Bristol Myers Squibb. G.G. is a consultant, a current equity holder, and a co-founder for Scorpion Therapeutics and Predicta Biosciences, is receiving research funds from IBM, Pharmacyclics, and is a holder of patents and royalties for SignatureAnalyzer-GPU (US 2021/0358574, published), MSMuTect and MSMutSig (US 11,608,533, issued), MSIDetect (US 2023/0332246, published), and POLYSOLVER (US 11,725,237, issued). None of these patents are related to this work. I.M.G. is a consultant for AbbVie, Adaptive, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Takeda, Janssen, Novartis, Vor Biopharma (speakers bureau), Sanofi, Pfizer, Menarini Silicon Biosystems, GlaxoSmithKline, the Binding Site, Aptitude Health, Huron Consulting, Oncopeptides, Window Therapeutics, Regeneron, and 10X Genomics; and a consultant, equity holder, board member, and co-founder of Predicta Biosciences. I.M.G.‘s spouse, William Savage, MD, PhD, is CMO and equity holder of Disc Medicine. R.S.P., G.G., and I.M.G. are co-inventors on a provisional patent application on the use of gene expression signatures and single-cell immune profiling for the diagnosis and risk stratification of WM.

: One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as an underrepresented ethnic and/or gender minority in science. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of the LGBTQIA+ community. We support inclusive, diverse, and equitable conduct of research.