Boufidis, Dimitris https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8901-7957
Garg, Raghav https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3501-6892
Angelopoulos, Eugenia https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5489-6879
Cullen, D. Kacy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5355-5216
Vitale, Flavia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-550X
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (CAREER Award 2339748)
Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation (F ZΤ 011-1/2023-2024)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01-NS127895, R01-NS117757)
Article History
Received: 27 September 2024
Accepted: 4 February 2025
First Online: 21 February 2025
Competing interests
: D.K.C. is a scientific co-founder of Innervace Inc. and Axonova Medical Inc., which are University of Pennsylvania spin-out companies focused on the translation of advanced regenerative therapies to treat nervous system disorders. D.K.C. is an inventor on multiple patents related to the composition, methods, and use of specific technologies described in the paper, with the most relevant being US Patent 12,090,323 “Implantable living electrodes and methods for use thereof”. F.V. is a co-inventor on the US Patent 11,925,466 “Implantable devices using 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes)”. These patents are owned by the University of Pennsylvania and/or the Department of Veterans Affairs. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.