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Article History

Received: 19 August 2024

Accepted: 13 February 2025

First Online: 2 March 2025

Competing interests

: J.S.R.-F. reports receiving personal/consultancy fees from Goldman Sachs, Bain Capital, REPARE Therapeutics, Saga Diagnostics, and Paige.AI, membership of the scientific advisory boards of VolitionRx, REPARE Therapeutics and Paige.AI, membership of the Board of Directors of Grupo Oncoclinicas, and ad hoc membership of the scientific advisory boards of AstraZeneca, Merck, Daiichi Sankyo, Roche Tissue Diagnostics and Personalis, outside the scope of this study. He is also currently employed at AstraZeneca. OSMEN holds shares in StratifAI GmbH. JNK declares consulting services for Owkin, France, DoMore Diagnostics, Norway, Panakeia, UK, Scailyte, Switzerland, Cancilico, Germany, Mindpeak, Germany, MultiplexDx, Slovakia, and Histofy, UK; furthermore, he holds shares in StratifAI GmbH, Germany, has received a research grant by GSK, and has received honoraria by AstraZeneca, Bayer, Eisai, Janssen, MSD, BMS, Roche, Pfizer and Fresenius. The mentioned competing interests are related to cancer and the computational analysis of histopathology slides, which is the main topic of this research. SPS conducts collaborative research with AstraZeneca Inc., outside the scope of this study. FP reports receiving consultancy fees from AstraZeneca and reports membership of advisory boards of MultiplexDx and AstraZeneca. EDP and PC are employed at MultiplexDX. A.M. has received honoraria as a consultant, advisor, or speaker from Roche and Menarini/Stemline and has received travel and accommodation support from AstraZeneca. E.M. received honoraria for Consulting or Advisory Role: Exact Sciences, MSD Oncology, Daiichi Sankyo/AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Seagen, Ipsen. Travel, Accommodations, Expenses: Roche, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Gilead Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pierre Fabre. R.E. has received honoraria from Roche, Eisai, Pfizer, BioNTech, Veracyte (PROCURE), Diaceutics, Mindpeak, AstraZeneca, MEDAC, and Novartis. The institution of R.E. conducts research for AstraZeneca, Roche, Janssen-Cilag, NanoString Technologies, Biocartis, ZytoVision, Novartis, Cepheid, Mindpeak, MSD, Gilead, Palleos Healthcare, Owkin and BioNTech. E.D.P. and P.C. are current employees of and receive research funding from MultiplexDX. P.C. is an equity holder in MultiplexDX. BW reports research funding from Repare Therapeutics. SC discloses compensation for professional services to Boxer Capital, LLC, Eli Lilly and Company, Encore Medical Education, Genesis Therapeutics, Gerson Lehrman Group, Novartis, Nuvalent, Inc., Prelude Therapeutics, SAGA Diagnostics, and eFFECTOR Therapeutics. He also discloses equity and IP rights in Odyssey Biosciences and equity in Totus Medicines, Inc. H.W. is an advisor for AstraZeneca and Daiichi Sankyo. P.R. reports receiving funding from Grail, Illumina, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Epic Sciences, Invitae/ArcherDx, Biothernostics, Tempus, Inivata, Biovica, Guardant, Personalis, and Myriad. P.R. also is an advisor to Novartis, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Lilly/Loxo, Prelude Therapeutics, Epic Sciences, Foundation Medicine, Inivata, Natera, Tempus, SAGA Diagnostics, Paige.ai, Guardant, and Myriad. P.R. is also a co-founder and board member of Odyssey Biosciences. LZB reports providing professional services to the Cancer Prevention & Research Institute of Texas. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.