Nicolas, Judith https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7142-1449
King, Bradley R. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3010-8755
Lévesque, David
Lazzouni, Latifa
Leroux, Gaëlle https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2729-4945
Wang, David
Grossman, Nir
Swinnen, Stephan P. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7173-435X
Doyon, Julien https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3788-4271
Carrier, Julie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5311-2370
Albouy, Geneviève https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5437-023X
Article History
Received: 13 February 2024
Accepted: 18 February 2025
First Online: 18 March 2025
Competing interests
: N.G. and D.W. are the applicants and co-inventors of the patent of the device used in this experiment. N.G. and D.W. assigned their rights to Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and NuVu Studio, respectively, who were the original patent applicants. The patent application (No.: US 2017/0020447 A1 US 20170020447A1) has been granted in the U.S., U.S. Patent No. 20170020447A1 and the current co-owners of the patent are MIT and Elemind Technologies. D.W. is the co-founder of Elemind Technologies, the company which made the device used for the study. As a co-founder, he has shares in Elemind. Elemind’s responsibility was to provide hardware and technical support. D.W. did not participate in the study design, experimentation or data analysis and he did not influence the outcome of the study. Elemind currently has no plan to commercialize the research described in this manuscript. The benefits from this work for Elemind Technologies are: 1. to learn about the possibilities the technology enables; 2. to be acknowledged for the technological contribution; 3. to advance the field of research in phase-based stimulation technologies. The other authors declare no competing interests.