Xue, Fei https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9039-7088
Zhang, Chenhui
Zheng, Sizheng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0965-5922
Tong, Peiran https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3009-1545
Wang, Baoyu
Peng, Yong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6980-4694
Wang, Zhongyi
Xu, Haoran
He, Youshui
Zhou, Hongzhi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-9265
Wang, Nan
Han, Peng
Yuan, Youyou
Ma, Yinchang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5201-6448
Huan, Chu
Zhang, Senfu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-4194
Chen, Hongliang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4442-7984
Zhu, Haiming https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7747-9054
Xu, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3148-7678
Yu, Bin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0237-6311
Sun, Jian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7992-8092
Wang, Hua https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8490-2874
Chen, Peng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9934-3481
Gao, Xingsen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-0785
Chang, Kai
Tian, He https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2108-3100
Wang, Jie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9376
Zhang, Xixiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3478-6414
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62304202)
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LDT23F04013F04)
Article History
Received: 17 September 2024
Accepted: 3 March 2025
First Online: 8 March 2025
Competing interests
: F. X. and B. W. are inventors listed on the Chinese patent ZL202410763157.3 (granted date: 3 September 2024) held by ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center that covers the preparation method of polar skyrmions in ferroelectric materials. Other authors declare no competing interests.