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Article History

Received: 20 May 2024

Accepted: 6 March 2025

First Online: 7 May 2025

Competing interests

: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at and declare: J.H.C. reports grants from National Institute for Health Research, John Fell Oxford University Press Research Fund, Cancer Research U.K. (C5255/A18085), and other research councils, during the conduct of the study. J.H.C. is an unpaid director of QResearch, a not-for-profit organisation which is a partnership between the University of Oxford and EMIS Health who supply the QResearch database used for this work. Until 9 Aug 2023, J.H.C. had a 50% shareholding in ClinRisk Ltd, co-owning it with her husband, who was an executive director. On 9 August 2023, 100% of the share capital was donated to Endeavour Health Care Charitable Trust and the company was renamed to Endeavour Predict Ltd. J.H.C. is a consultant to Endeavour Predict Ltd. and her husband is a non-executive director to cover the transition. The company licences software both to the private sector and to NHS bodies or bodies that provide services to the NHS (through GP electronic health record providers, pharmacies, hospital providers and other NHS providers). This software implements algorithms (including QRISK3) developed from access to the QResearch database during her time at the University of Nottingham. C.C. reports receiving personal fees from ClinRisk Ltd., outside this work.