Liu, Jingxiao https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5559-1627
Li, Haipeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3230-8339
Noh, Hae Young
Santi, Paolo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8942-8702
Biondi, Biondo
Ratti, Carlo
Article History
Received: 17 October 2024
Accepted: 10 March 2025
First Online: 31 March 2025
Competing interests
: Dubai Future Foundation, UnipolTech, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Volkswagen Group America, FAE Technology, Samoo Architects & Engineers, Shell, GoAigua, ENEL Foundation, Kyoto University, Weizmann Institute of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Imperial College London, Universitá di Pisa, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AMS Institute and all the members of the MIT Senseable City Lab Consortium do not receive any direct financial or economic advantage from the publication of this study and had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Furthermore, neither LUNA-OptaSense nor its employees, including Andres Chavarria and Victor Yartsev, received any direct financial or economic advantage from the publication of this study. The authors declare no competing interests.