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Authors
Shah, Nishal P. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1275-0381
Avansino, Donald
Kamdar, Foram https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2734-3247
Nicolas, Claire https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7761-3943
Kapitonava, Anastasia
Vargas-Irwin, Carlos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3526-3754
Hochberg, Leigh R. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0261-2273
Pandarinath, Chethan
Shenoy, Krishna V.
Willett, Francis R.
Henderson, Jaimie M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3276-2267
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Association (Milton Safenowtiz Postdoctoral Scholarship)
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Article History
Received: 2 November 2023
Accepted: 7 April 2025
First Online: 30 May 2025
Competing interests
: The MGH Translational Research Center has a clinical research support agreement (CRSA) with Axoft, Neuralink, Neurobionics, Paradromics, Precision Neuro, Synchron, and Reach Neuro, for which LRH provides consultative input. L.R.H. is a non-compensated member of the Board of Directors of a nonprofit assistive communication device technology foundation (Speak Your Mind Foundation). Mass General Brigham (MGB) is convening the Implantable Brain-Computer Interface Collaborative Community (iBCI-CC); charitable gift agreements to MGB, including those received to date from Paradromics, Synchron, Precision Neuro, Neuralink, and Blackrock Neurotech, support the iBCI-CC, for which LRH provides effort. C.P. is a consultant for Meta (Reality Labs). J.M.H. is a consultant for Neuralink and Paradromics, is a shareholder in Maplight Therapeutics and Enspire DBS, and is a co-founder and shareholder in Re-EmergeDBS. K.V.S. served on the Scientific Advisory Board (SABs) of: MIND-X Inc. (acquired by Blackrock Neurotech, Spring 2022), Inscopix Inc., and Heal Inc. K.V.S. served as a consultant/advisor for: CTRL-Labs (acquired by Facebook Reality Labs in Fall 2019, and is now a part of META Platform’s Reality Labs), Neuralink (consultant/advisor/co-founder). KVS passed away during the preparation of this manuscript, though he oversaw the initial stages of the research. J.M.H. and F.R.W. are inventors of intellectual property licensed by Stanford University to Blackrock Neurotech and Neuralink (“Systems and methods for decoding intended symbols from neural activity”, K.V. Shenoy, J.M. Henderson, F.R. Willett—US Patent 12,026,311, 2024). The other authors declare no competing interests. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
