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Article History

Received: 12 July 2024

Accepted: 15 April 2025

First Online: 9 May 2025

Competing interests

: X.H. has participated on advisory boards for AstraZeneca, received institutional funding for an investigator-initiated trial from Merck Sharpe and Dohme, and has served as a local Principal Investigator for AstraZeneca and Novartis. Y-S.L. has participated on advisory boards for Novartis, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Roche, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Eisai, Daiichi Sankyo, and Gilead Sciences, has been an invited speaker for Novartis, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Roche, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Eisai, Daiichi Sankyo, and Gilead Sciences, has served as a local Principal Investigator for Novartis, Roche, Pfizer, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Eli Lilly, Eisai, AstraZeneca, Gilead Sciences and Jellox, has served as a chair/co-chair of a clinical trial steering committee for Novartis, and has held an uncompensated advisory role for AstraZeneca. J.M.C., E.F., L.J., and X.Z. are full-time employees of AstraZeneca. N.C.T. has participated in advisory boards AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Exact Sciences, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Guardant Health, Inivata, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche/Genentech, Relay Therapeutics, Repare Therapeutics and Zentalis Pharmaceuticals, has received institutional research funding from AstraZeneca, Inivata, Invitae, Merck Sharpe and Dohme, Natera, Personalis, Pfizer and Roche/Genentech, and has received research assays/materials from Guardant Health and Bio-Rad. Q.Z., T.S., H.X., W.L., Y.T., L-M.T., M.Y., H.L., D.P., S-C.C., W.C., O.J., J.W., X. Wu, Xian Wang, A.Z. and Xiaojia Wang declare no competing interests.