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Article History

Received: 24 July 2024

Accepted: 15 April 2025

First Online: 8 May 2025

Competing interests

: F.M.-B. reports consulting or personal fees from AbbVie, Aduro BioTech, Alkermes, AstraZeneca, DebioPharm, eFFECTOR Therapeutics, F Hoffman-La Roche, Genentech, IBM Watson, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Jackson Laboratory, Kolon Life Science, Lengo Therapeutics, OrigiMed, PACT Pharma, Parexel International, Pfizer, Samsung Bioepis, Seagen, Tallac Therapeutics, Tyra Biosciences, Xencor, Zymeworks, and Chugai; advisory board participation for Black Diamond, Biovica, Eisai, Immunomedics, Inflection Biosciences, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Loxo Oncology, Mersana Therapeutics, OnCusp Therapeutics, Puma Biotechnology, Seagen, Silverback Therapeutics, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, and Zentalis; and research support, unrelated to this work and paid to institution, from Aileron Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceutical, Calithera Biosciences, Curis, CytomX Therapeutics, Daiichi-Sankyo, Debiopharm International, eFFECTOR Therapeutics, Genentech, Guardant Health, Klus Pharma, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Novartis, Puma Biotechnology, and Taiho Pharmaceutical. S.Y.R. reports consulting fees from MSD Oncology, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, LG Chem, Eutilex, Indivumed, AstraZeneca, Ono Pharmaceutical, Amgen, Aadi, and Toray Industries; speaker fees from Eisai, MSD Oncology, Bristol Myers Squibb/Ono Pharmaceutical, Amgen, Daiichi-Sankyo/UCB Japan, and AstraZeneca; and research funding from Company: MSD Oncology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eisai, Roche/Genentech, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals, Sillajen, Bayer, Daiichi-Sankyo, Lilly, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Zymeworks, Astellas Pharma, Indivumed, and Amgen. E.H. has received research funding (to her institution) from AbbVie, Acerta Pharma, Accutar Biotechnology, ADC Therapeutics, Akeso Bio Australia, Aravive, ArQule, Artios, Arvinas, AstraZeneca, AtlasMedx, BeiGene, Black Diamond, Bliss BioPharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cascadian Therapeutics, Clovis Oncology, Compugen, Context Therapeutics, Cullinan, Curis, CytomX, Daiichi-Sankyo, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Dantari, Deciphera, Duality Biologics, eFFECTOR Therapeutics, Eli Lilly, Ellipses Pharma, Elucida Oncology, EMD Serono, FujiFilm, G1 Therapeutics, H3 Biomedicine, Harpoon, Hutchinson MediPharma, Immunogen, Immunomedics, Incyte, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, InventisBio, Jacobio, Karyopharm, K-Group Beta, Kind Pharmaceuticals, Leap Therapeutics, Loxo Oncology, Lycera, Mabspace, Macrogenics, MedImmune, Mersana, Merus, Millennium, Molecular Templates, Novartis, Nucana, Olema, OncoMed, Onconova Therapeutics, Oncothyreon, ORIC Pharmaceuticals, Orinove, Orum Therapeutics, Pfizer, PharmaMar, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Pionyr Immunotherapeutics, Plexxikon, Prelude Therapeutics, Profound Bio, Radius Health, Regeneron, Relay Therapeutics, Repertoire Immune Medicine, Rgenix, Roche/Genentech, Seagen, Sermonix Pharmaceuticals, Shattuck Labs, StemCentRx, Sutro, Syndax, Syros, Taiho, TapImmune, Tesaro, Tolmar, Torque Therapeutics, Treadwell Therapeutics, Verastem, Zenith Epigenetics, and Zymeworks; and consulting/advisory role fees from AstraZeneca, Daiichi-Sankyo, Ellipses Pharma, Gilead Sciences, Greenwich LifeSciences, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Lilly, Loxo, Medical Pharma Services, Mersana, Novartis, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Orum Therapeutics, Pfizer, Relay Therapeutics, Roche/Genentech, Seagen, Stemline Therapeutics, Theratechnologies, Tubulis, Verascity Science, and Zentalis Pharmaceuticals. Y.-K.K. reports consulting fees from ALX Oncology, Zymeworks, Amgen, Novartis, Macrogenics, Daehwa, Blueprint, Surface Oncology, Bristol Myers Squibb, MSD, and Roche. D.L.H. declares no competing interests. S.I. reports consulting fees from MSD Oncology, Daiichi-Sankyo, Eisai, LG Chem, Eutilex, Astellas Pharma, Indivumed, AstraZeneca, Ono Pharmaceutical, Amgen, Aadi, and Toray Industries; speakers’ fees from Eisai, MSD Oncology, Bristol Myers Squibb/Ono Pharmaceutical, Amgen, Daiichi-Sankyo/UCB Japan, and AstraZeneca; and research funding from Company: MSD Oncology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Roche/Genentech, ASLAN Pharmaceuticals, Sillajen, Bayer, Daiichi-Sankyo, Lilly, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Zymeworks, Astellas Pharma, Indivumed, and Amgen. K.-W.L. received grants for the present manuscript from Zymeworks (to his institution for conducting clinical trials); and also received grants from ABLBIO, ALX Oncology, Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Bolt Therapeutics, Daiichi-Sankyo, Elevar Therapeutics, Exelixis, Genome & Company, Green Cross Corp, Idience, InventisBio, Leap Therapeutics, Macrogenics, MedPacto, Merck KGaA, Metafines, MSD, Oncologie, Ono Pharmaceutical, Pharmacyclics, Roche, Seagen, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Trishula Therapeutics, and Y-BIOLOGICS (to his institution for conducting clinical trials outside the submitted work); received honoraria from Astellas, Boryung, Daiichi-Sankyo, Ono Pharmaceutical, and Sanofi-Aventis; and has participated on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for ALX Oncology and Metafines. J.L. declares no competing interests. M.B. declares no competing interests. Do-Youn Oh has participated in advisory boards for Abbvie, ASLAN, Arcus Biosciences, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Basilea, BeiGene, BMS/Celgene, Eutilex, Genentech/Roche, Halozyme, IQVIA, J-Pharma, LG Chem, Merck Serono, Mirati Therapeutics, MSD, Novartis, Taiho, Turning Point, Yuhan, and Zymeworks; and has received research grants from Array, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Eli Lilly, Handok, MSD, Novartis, and Servier. J.C. declares no competing interests. R.A.G. has participated in advisory boards for AAA/Novartis, Amgen, Apobiologix, Astellas, AstraZeneca, BMS, Eisai, Ipsen, Merck, Pfizer, and Taiho; has received speaker fees from AAA, Amgen, Astellas, BMS, Eisai, Ipsen, Merck AZ, and Pfizer; and has received independent education grants from Apobiologix, Ipsen, and Pfizer. J.A.A. has received honoraria from Acrotech Biopharma, Aduro Biotech, Amgen, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, DAVA Pharmaceuticals, Fresenius Kabi, Gilead Sciences, GRAIL, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Oncotherics, SERVIER, and Zymeworks; has participated in consulting or advisory roles for the American Cancer Society, Amgen, Arcus Biosciences, Astellas Pharma, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Geneos, Gilead Sciences, Insys Therapeutics, Merck, Novartis, Servier, and Vaccinogen; received research Funding from Amgen, Astellas Pharma (Inst), Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Delta-Fly Pharma, MedImmune, Merck, Gilead Sciences, Lilly/ImClone, Novartis, ProLynx, Roche/Genentech, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Takeda, and Zymeworks. L.Y. is employed by Jazz Pharmaceuticals. R.O. was employed by Jazz Pharmaceuticals at the time of this study. E.E. is a consultant for Abbvie, Adaptimmune, Astellas, BeiGene, BMS, Daiichi-Sankyo, Jazz, Natera, Novartis, Viracta Tx, and Zymeworks; has received grant/research support from Amgen, Arcus Biosciences, AstraZeneca, BMS, Bold Therapeutics, Jazz, and Zymeworks; is a steering committee member for AstraZeneca and Jazz; and has a family member who is employed by MerckVaccines.