Sun, Ke https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8311-9909
Kang, Mingyu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3032-8448
Nuomin, Hanggai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2917-420X
Schwartz, George
Beratan, David N. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4758-8676
Brown, Kenneth R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7716-1425
Kim, Jungsang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9551-3826
Funding for this research was provided by:
ODNI | Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (W911NF-16-1-0082, W911NF-16-1-0082)
U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0019400, AC02-05CH11231, DE-SC0019400, AC02-05CH11231)
National Science Foundation (OMA-2120757, OMA-2120757, OMA-2120757)
Article History
Received: 30 November 2024
Accepted: 14 April 2025
First Online: 30 April 2025
Competing interests
: J.K. and K.R.B. are shareholders of IonQ, Inc. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.