Fan, Qingyuan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1047-048X
Zhao, Xuyang https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3220-8953
Li, Junyao https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4786-1008
Liu, Ronghui
Liu, Ming
Feng, Qishun
Long, Yanping https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4512-0594
Fu, Yang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-7248
Zhai, Jixian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-0666
Pan, Qing https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7145-6011
Article History
Received: 6 August 2024
Accepted: 16 April 2025
First Online: 2 May 2025
Competing interests
: Q.F., X.Z., J.L., R.L., and Y.L. have a patent filed with application number CN117238360A pertaining to the training framework of DeepSME. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.