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Article History

Received: 14 October 2024

Accepted: 22 April 2025

First Online: 16 May 2025

Competing interests

: The Authors declare the following competing interests: at the time of the study, J.F.B. was a member of the BOD and SAB of Neovacs and Ascend Biopharma, and a SAB member of Cue Biopharma. A.M. has received research grants from Janssen and Merck, fees for participation in advisory boards from Janssen, Merck, Sanofi-Pasteur, and fees for lectures from Sanofi-Pasteur and Astra-Zeneca. O.R. has received research grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Merck and Janssen; and fees for participation in advisory boards from Merck, Sanofi-Pasteur, Pfizer and Moderna; and fees for lectures from Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Merck, and Sanofi-Pasteur. None of these fees were related to the research described in this manuscript. The A.G.-S. laboratory has received research support from GSK, Pfizer, Senhwa Biosciences, Kenall Manufacturing, Blade Therapeutics, Avimex, Johnson & Johnson, Dynavax, 7Hills Pharma, Pharmamar, ImmunityBio, Accurius, Nanocomposix, Hexamer, N-fold LLC, Model Medicines, Atea Pharma, Applied Biological Laboratories and Merck, outside of the reported work. A.G.-S. has consulting agreements for the following companies involving cash and/or stock: Castlevax, Amovir, Vivaldi Biosciences, Contrafect, 7Hills Pharma, Avimex, Pagoda, Accurius, Esperovax, Farmak, Applied Biological Laboratories, Pharmamar, CureLab Oncology, CureLab Veterinary, Synairgen, Paratus and Pfizer, outside of the reported work. A.G.-S. has been an invited speaker in meeting events organized by Seqirus, Janssen, Abbott and AstraZeneca. A.G.-S. is inventor on patents and patent applications on the use of antivirals and vaccines for the treatment and prevention of virus infections and cancer, owned by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, outside of the reported work. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.