Zhao, Lihong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2308-1053
Feng, Min
Wu, Chaoshan
Guo, Liqun https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4274-8201
Chen, Zhaoyang https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1763-7741
Risal, Samprash
Ai, Qing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6086-5431
Lou, Jun https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4351-9561
Fan, Zheng https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8137-516X
Funding for this research was provided by:
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (DE-AC05-76RL01830, DE-EE0008863)
Article History
Received: 20 August 2024
Accepted: 22 April 2025
First Online: 8 May 2025
Competing interests
: Y.Y. has equity interest in LiBeyond, LLC. F.Z. and Y.Y. have equity interests in Solid Design Instruments, LLC. The University of Houston reviewed and approved their relationship in compliance with its conflict-of-interest policy. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.