Pineda-Moncusí, Marta https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-0137
Allery, Freya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5580-7237
Abbasizanjani, Hoda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9575-4758
Powell, David
Prats-Uribe, Albert https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1202-9153
Thygesen, Johan H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7479-3459
Wood, Angela https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7937-304X
Tomlinson, Christopher https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-5395
Banerjee, Amitava https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8741-3411
Akbari, Ashley https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0814-0801
Delmestri, Antonella https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0388-3403
Coates, Laura C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4756-663X
Denaxas, Spiros
Khunti, Kamlesh
Collins, Gary https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2772-2316
Prieto-Alhambra, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3950-6346
Khalid, Sara https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2845-5731
,
Funding for this research was provided by:
Data and Connectivity National Core Study, led by Health Data Research UK in partnership with the Office for National Statistics and funded by UK Research and Innovation (grant ref MC_PC_20058).
Article History
Received: 29 July 2024
Accepted: 9 May 2025
First Online: 2 July 2025
Competing interests
: K.K. is a chair of the Ethnicity Subgroup of the UK Scientific Advisory Group for Emergences (SAGE), and a member of SAGE. This work was also supported by The Alan Turing Institute via ‘Towards Turing 2.0’ EPSRC Grant Funding. DPA’s research group has received grant/s from Amgen, Chiesi-Taylor, Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, and UCB Biopharma, and consultancy fees from AstraZeneca and UCB Biopharma. Amgen, Astellas, Janssen, Synapse Management Partners and UCB Biopharma have funded or supported training programmes organised by S.K. and DPA’s department. S.K. receives funding support from Amgen BioPharma outside of this work. This research is part of the Data and Connectivity National Core Study, led by Health Data Research UK in partnership with the Office for National Statistics and funded by UK Research and Innovation (grant ref MC_PC_20058). The remaining authors have nothing to declare.