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Funding for this research was provided by:
Due to the long author list and associated funders, a list of all funders and grant numbers can be found in the acknowledgements of the manuscript.
Article History
Received: 29 June 2024
Accepted: 20 May 2025
First Online: 8 July 2025
Competing interests
: The Intel-affiliated authors (B. Edwards, M. Sheller, P. Foley, A. Gruzdev, J. Martin, P. Shah) would like to disclose the following (potential) competing interests as Intel employees. Intel may develop proprietary software that is related in reputation to the OpenFL open source project highlighted in this work. In addition, the work demonstrates feasibility of federated learning for brain tumor boundary detection models. Intel may benefit by selling products to support an increase in demand for this use-case. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.