Cai, Jiyu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2283-2281
Trask, Steve E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-4779
Yang, Zhenzhen
Xie, Yingying
Lu, Wenquan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8256
Nguyen, Hoai
Liu, Yuzi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8733-1683
Meng, Xiangbo
Veith, Gabriel M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5186-4461
Jia, Hao
Xu, Wu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2685-8684
Chen, Zonghai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5371-9463
Funding for this research was provided by:
DOE | Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy | Vehicle Technologies Office (PRJ1008956-37526)
Article History
Received: 4 January 2025
Accepted: 5 June 2025
First Online: 1 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.