Cheng, Chi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8596-1801
Kim, Lohyun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7964-704X
Persad, Aaron H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5479-9215
Chow, Chun Man https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4746-6129
Karnik, Rohit https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0588-9286
Funding for this research was provided by:
Kwanjeong Educational Foundation (19Am0145)
Croucher Foundation
Eni
Article History
Received: 4 December 2024
Accepted: 10 June 2025
First Online: 1 July 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare the following competing interests: Some of the authors are co-inventors on patents and patent applications. (1) R.K. is co-inventor on patents US 11/135,546, CN 104,411,642, and AU 2017,210,547 that covers atomically thin membrane structures used in the present study, filed by the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2) R.K. is co-inventor on patents US 11/717,791, AU 2013,231,930, and CN 104,411,642 that cover sealing of defects in atomically thin membranes, filed by the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (3) C.C. is co-inventor on a patent application US 63/502,064 filed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on formation of pores in graphene. (4) R.K., A.P., C.C., and L.K. are co-inventors on a patent application PCT/US2023/080744 filed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology covering nanoparticle coatings to improve selectivity of nanoporous graphene membranes for hydrogen separation. All other authors declare no competing interests.