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Authors
Li, Keke
Wang, Ruimin
Gu, Zhengying https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8597-6752
Weng, Wenyun
Liu, Wanshan
Huang, Yida https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9725-5170
Wu, Jiao
Zhang, Ziyue
Yang, Shouzhi
Su, Jun
Tang, Yujie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7647-5780
Qian, Kun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1666-1965
Jiang, Mawei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2866-4709
Huang, Lin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3753-7894
Wan, Jingjing https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9324-2647
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Article History
Received: 19 August 2023
Accepted: 11 June 2025
First Online: 3 July 2025
Competing interests
: R.W., L.H., and K.Q. have filed patents (CN117191934A, China, 2023) for both the technology and the use of the technology to detect bio-samples. These patents are owned and managed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The other authors declare no competing interests. No patient titles or affiliations influenced the design, analysis, or interpretation of this study. This study employed 367 anonymized residual clinical participants collected under observational protocols at Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (#XHEC-C-2019-101). The cohort included 174 pediatric brainstem glioma patients, 125 HDs, and 68 other neural diseases; no protected health information was disclosed.
