Sotomayor, Belen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3786-7252
Donahue, Thomas C.
Mahajan, Sai Pooja
Taw, May N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8196-5765
Hulbert, Sophia W.
Bidstrup, Erik J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9014-2042
Owitipana, D. Natasha
Pang, Alexandra
Yang, Xu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9802-9845
Ghosal, Souvik https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2412-0544
Alabi, Christopher A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2654-018X
Azadi, Parastoo
Gray, Jeffrey J. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6380-2324
Jewett, Michael C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2948-6211
Wang, Lai-Xi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4293-5819
DeLisa, Matthew P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3226-1566
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States Department of Defense | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (W911NF-23-2-0039)
United States Department of Defense | Defense Threat Reduction Agency (HDTRA1-15-10052, HDTRA1-20-10004)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM127578, R01GM080374, R24GM137782)
National Science Foundation (CBET-1605242, CBET-1936823, MCB-1413563, DMR-1933525)
Article History
Received: 7 November 2024
Accepted: 19 June 2025
First Online: 4 July 2025
Competing interests
: M.P.D. and M.C.J. have financial interests in Gauntlet, Inc. and Resilience, Inc. M.P.D. also has financial interests in June Bio APS, Glycobia Inc., UbiquiTx Inc., and Versatope Therapeutics Inc. M.P.D.’s and M.C.J.’s interests are reviewed and managed by Cornell University and Stanford University, respectively, in accordance with their conflict-of-interest policies. M.P.D. and M.C.J. declare no additional competing interests. All other authors declare no competing interests.